修回日期: 2015-02-14
接受日期: 2015-03-06
在线出版日期: 2015-03-28
原发性肝细胞性肝癌(primary hepatocellular cancer, PHC)的发生、发展是一个多因素、多步骤、多中心的复杂过程, 他的早期诊断和有效治疗至关重要. 磷脂酰肌醇蛋白多糖-3(glypican-3, GPC-3)在PHC进展过程中起重要作用. 在肝细胞恶性转化过程中GPC-3呈进行性升高表达; 人肝癌GPC-3阳性率与乙型肝炎表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen, HbsAg)、TNM分期、门脉癌栓及肝外转移显著相关. GPC-3及mRNA与甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein, AFP)联合检测, 对PHC诊断阳性率可提高至94.3%; 沉默GPC-3可改变肝癌细胞迁移、转移和侵袭的生物学行为, 伴随β-catenin、p-糖原合成激酶3β(p-glycogen synthase kinase 3β, p-GSK3β)和cyclin D1表达明显减少, 提示癌胚性GPC-3不仅是PHC特异诊断标志物, 而且有可能成为PHC治疗的潜在靶点.
核心提示: 磷脂酰肌醇蛋白多糖-3(glypican-3, GPC-3)基因位于人类X染色体(Xq26), 通过糖基磷脂酰肌醇锚定于细胞膜; 正常肝组织中无表达, 胎肝和肝癌组织呈高表达状态, 为原发性肝细胞性肝癌(primary hepatocellular cancer, PHC)特异诊断标志物. GPC-3羧基端近胞膜区域含两条具有功能的硫酸类肝素聚糖链, 可与成纤维生长因子、Wnts和Hedgehog等信号通路介导肝癌的发生发展; 干预GPC-3表达或转录, 可在体内、外明显抑制肝癌细胞增殖、诱导凋亡, 可望成为PHC基因治疗的潜在靶点.
引文著录: 潘刘翃, 姚敏, 王理, 姚登福. 癌胚型GPC-3特异诊断原发性肝细胞癌及其靶向治疗进展. 世界华人消化杂志 2015; 23(9): 1379-1386
Revised: February 14, 2015
Accepted: March 6, 2015
Published online: March 28, 2015
The development and progression of primary hepatocellular cancer (PHC) are a multi- factorial, multi-step, and multi-center complex process. Its early diagnosis and effective treatments are of the most importance. Glypican-3 (GPC-3) plays a crucial role in PHC progression. Increased GPC-3 expression has been found during hepatocyte malignant transformation. GPC-3 levels in PHC patients are related to HBV infection, TNM stage, periportal cancerous embolus, and extra-hepatic metastasis. Circulating GPC-3 or GPC-3 mRNA with AFP enhances the positive rate up to 94.3% for PHC diagnosis. Down-regulating GPC-3 by specific siRNA could alter liver cancer cell biological behaviors such as migration, metastasis, and invasion; and inhibit nude mouse xenograft growth with decreased β-catenin, p-GSK3β, and cyclin D1 expression, suggesting that oncofetal GPC-3 is not only a specific diagnostic biomarker for PHC, but also a promising target for PHC therapy.
- Citation: Pan LH, Yao M, Wang L, Yao DF. Oncofetal glypican-3: Specific diagnosis and targeted-therapy for primary liver cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23(9): 1379-1386
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v23/i9/1379.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v23.i9.1379
原发性肝细胞性肝癌(primary hepatocellular cancer, PHC)为常见恶性肿瘤, 其防治仍是全世界的医学难题. PHC进展快、复发率高和预后差, 因患者早期通常无明显症状, 诊断困难, 确诊后仅10%-20%患者具有手术切除机会. 手术切除和肝移植仍是主要治疗方法, 术后易复发, 且对放、化疗不敏感, 寻找有效治疗方法尤为重要[1]. 磷脂酰肌醇蛋白多糖-3(glypican-3, GPC-3)基因位于人类X染色体(Xq26), 通过糖基磷脂酰肌醇(glycosyl-phosphatidyl inositol, GPI)锚定于细胞膜; 正常肝组织未见GPC-3表达, 胚胎肝和肝癌组织中GPC-3呈高表达状态, 被证实为PHC诊断的特异标志物[2]. 新近发现GPC-3分子羧基端近胞膜区域, 含两条具有功能的硫酸类肝素聚糖链, 可结合成纤维生长因子, 与Wnts、Hedgehog信号通路等协同作用, 介导PHC发生、发展. 在体内、外干扰或下调GPC-3基因转录, 可使肝癌细胞增殖周期发生阻滞、诱导细胞凋亡, 并抑制肝癌移植瘤生长, 提示该基因可望成为PHC基因治疗新的潜在靶点[3]. 本文述评了GPC-3作为诊断PHC生物标志及分子靶向治疗PHC的应用前景.
GPC家族主要有6个亚型, 基因各定位于不同区域, 在胚胎和成人组织中表达各异(表1). GPC-3基因全长大于900 kb, 5'-端朝向端粒区, 3'端朝向中心粒区, 由8个外显子和7个内含子组成. 分子量为66 kDa, 羧基端与糖基磷脂酰肌醇共价结合锚定于胞膜, 氨基端游离于胞外, 其内经多个二硫键连接, 使其具有球形立体结构. 蛋白聚糖由核心蛋白和糖胺聚糖(glycosaminoglycan, GAG)侧链构成, 核心蛋白富含14个半胱氨酸残基的独特保守序列, 位于中央区域; GAG侧链为肝素和硫酸乙酰肝素插入位点由羧基端50个氨基酸残基决定, 使该链靠近细胞膜. GPC-3是硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白家族中的一员, 他参与调控在细胞的增殖, 分化和迁移等过程[2,3,10-12].
亚型 | 别名 | 基因定位 | 氨基酸 | 胚胎表达 | 成人表达 | 文献 |
GPC-1 | GPC | 2q35-37 | 558 | 骨、表皮、肾 | 多数组织 | [4] |
GPC-2 | Cerebroglycan | 7q22.1 | 579 | 神经系统 | 尚不清楚 | [5] |
GPC-3 | OCI-5 | Xq26 | 580 | 肝、胎盘等 | 卵巢、肺等 | [6] |
GPC-4 | K-glypican | Xq26.1 | 556 | 脑、肾、肺 | 多数组织 | [7] |
GPC-5 | - | 13q21 | 572 | 脑、肺、肝等 | 脑 | [8] |
GPC-6 | - | 13q21 | 555 | 肝和肾等 | 卵巢、肾等 | [9] |
GPC-3以GPI锚定在细胞膜上调控细胞生长过程, 在Arg358和Ser359位点处断裂后形成两个亚型: 可溶性N-端和与细胞膜结合C-端. Ser560是GPC-3核心蛋白和HS链结合Hh或FGF-2的一个切割位点. GPC-3与Hh信号分子结合或介导成纤维细胞生长因子2(fibroblast growth factor 2, FGF-2)和人骨成型蛋白7 (human bone morphogenetic protein 7, BMP-7)信号分子, 参与调节细胞迁移、侵袭和凋亡[10,11].
GPC-3是激活整合素信号通路的关键蛋白, 促进肝细胞恶性转化、增值及侵袭. GPC-3在胎肝组织中表达丰度最高, 正常肝组织未见表达; 肝细胞恶性转化是机体通过多种生物效应分子作用, 调节多信号传导的复杂过程, 该过程中GPC-3基因被激活. GPC-3表达经活化的经典Wnt信号通路, 促进PHC细胞增殖; 可导致Bax/Bcl-2/细胞色素c/Caspase3信号功能障碍, 抵抗细胞凋亡, 调节细胞增殖[13-16]; 可抑制BMP-7信号促使肝细胞恶性转化; 且可下调TGF-β2表达, 促进肝癌细胞增殖[17].
GPC-3可通过结合细胞外基质、生长因子和蛋白酶等参与调节肿瘤细胞的增殖、分化、黏附和转移等[3]. GPC-3异常表达与硫酸脂酶-2、锌指和同源框2和甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein, AFP)等表达相关, 上调后激活整合素、IGF-Ⅱ和Wnt信号通路等促肝癌细胞生长, 影响多种信号传导途径, 导致肝细胞增殖、分化及癌变. 临床上, 肝癌在确诊时已多属中、晚期, 缺乏有效治疗, 预后较差[13]. GPC-3作为对肝癌的发生发展密切相关的分子, 已证实是PHC早期诊断的特异标志物.
免疫组织化学显示70%-100%的PHC组织中, 可检测到GPC-3阳性表达(表2), 在病理组织学上呈现棕色巢状分布, 主要分布于细胞质和细胞膜上. GPC-3是调节发育的癌胚蛋白, 且作为早期PHC临床相关的分子标志物, 且在肝细胞恶性转化过程中为最先转录. 对PHC、癌旁和远癌组织的对照研究, 发现PHC组织中GPC-3阳性细胞数和染色深度, 均明显高于癌旁和远癌组织[18,24].
组织 | n | 阳性数n(%) | 抗体 |
肝细胞性肝癌 | 20 | 18(90.0) | 单抗-IG12[18] |
56 | 47(84.0) | 单抗, GPC-3-CO2[19] | |
59 | 46(78.0) | 单抗-IG12[20] | |
58 | 46(79.0) | 单抗-IG12[21] | |
54 | 38(70.0) | 单抗-IG12[22] | |
42 | 40(95.2) | 单抗-IG12[23] | |
36 | 29(80.6) | 单抗, 抗-GPC-3[24] | |
58 | 55(94.8) | 单抗-IG12[25] | |
14 | 14(100.0) | PcAb, 抗-GPC-3[26] | |
纤维板层型肝癌 | 11 | 7(64.0) | 单抗-IG12[21] |
肝母细胞瘤 | 5 | 1(20.0) | 单抗-IG12[22] |
6 | 6(100.0) | 单抗, GPC-3-CO2[19] | |
65 | 65(100.0) | 单抗-IG12[27] | |
高度不典型增生 | 8 | 6(75.0) | 单抗, GPC-CO2[19] |
33 | 2(6.0) | 单抗-IG12[20] | |
9 | 2(22.0) | 单抗-IG12[22] | |
胆管细胞型肝癌 | 16 | 0(0.0) | 单抗, GPC-3-CO2[19] |
10 | 1(10.0) | 单抗-IG12[22] |
PHC组织GPC-3高表达, 纤维板层型肝癌组织GPC-3表达为64%[18], 肝母细胞瘤组织GPC-3全数表达, 另在高度不典型增生肝组织GPC-3阳性率为6%-22%, 胆管细胞型肝癌组织GPC-3表达在0%-10%[19,22](表2). 肝穿(hepatic fine needle aspirates, FNA)免疫组织化学显示HCC组织GPC-3免疫反应达83%-90%, 而良性病变组织和转移性肝癌除神经内分泌特征未分化癌外, 均无免疫反应[23].
AFP是现在临床常规使用以诊断PHC, 评估治疗疗效的一个相对特异指标. 然而单凭存在着假阴性或假阳性AFP指标, 有时无法鉴别PHC和良性肝病. 寻找一个合适的筛查指标, 将有助于早期诊断PHC并提高治疗效果. 目前, 虽有很多种作为诊断PHC的分子标记, 已在临床使用, 但只有为数不多的几个标志物, 具有较高敏感性和特异性如肝癌特异性γ -谷氨酰移换酶(HS-GGT), 肝癌特异性AFP(AFP-L3)和癌胚性GPC-3. 临床应用发现外周血中GPC-3, 在诊断和监测PHC转移方面的价值已被证实; 和血中AFP相比, GPC-3准确性更高, 是PHC患者的诊断、治疗疗效和预后监测的可靠指标[24].
对不同肝病组患者的外周血GPC-3分析发现, GPC-3阳性率在PHC组为52.8%, 良性肝病(急性肝炎、慢性肝炎、肝硬化)组为0.0%-1.4%, 非肝肿瘤组为2.0%, 组间差异显著; 良性肝病组除1例肝硬化外, 其余病例均阴性; 急、慢性肝炎组和健康对照组中, 未检出阳性病例; 和GPC-3相比, AFP阳性率在PHC组虽高达70.73%, 但良性肝病组, AFP假阳性率达14.3%-20.0%; PHC患者血GPC-3表达和瘤体大小相关(P<0.01)[24]. 外周血GPC-3诊断PHC敏感度53%, 特异性为99%[28]. PHC组GPC-3和AFP两者间并未见明显相关性, 联合检测可互补诊断PHC, 对小肝癌的诊断敏感性可达75%[28,29], 且有助于PHC的鉴别诊断.
肝癌患者的GPC-3表达与其预后相关. 免疫组织化学分析107例肝癌患者术后标本GPC-3表达, 随访5年, 发现GPC-3阳性组患者死亡率明显高于阴性组(87.7% vs 54.5%); 手术切除的80例患者中, 16例GPC-3阴性患者中, 5年内未见死亡(0/16), 多因素分析显示GPC-3表达是肝癌预后的独立相关因素[30]. 另一研究[28]提示, 肝癌复发患者血GPC-3阳性率高达61.1%, 提示GPC-3可能与肝癌复发相关, 定期监测治疗后肝癌患者血GPC-3, 可早期诊断肝癌复发. PHC患者经导管肝动脉栓塞术(transcatheter arterial embolization, TAE)治疗前血GPC-3及AFP表达水平, 均显著高于正常对照组, 经1-3次TAE治疗后, 有效组患者血GPC-3水平, 较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05), 而无效组GPC-3变化不明显, 提示GPC-3可作为PHC患者预后判断的有用指标.
GPC-3作为PHC的一个新靶点, 对GPC-3抗体的研究文献较多, 前期研究中, 将M18D04、M19B11、A1836A和GPC-3-CO2等单抗, 用于肝癌组织GPC-3免疫组织化学分析[31]. 首个治疗单抗GC33通过与GPC-3羧基末端的表位作用, 诱导抗体依赖性的细胞毒性作用, 显著抑制肝癌HepG2和Huh7细胞的移植瘤及原位癌生长, 还可明显降低血AFP水平, 对不表达GPC-3的肝癌SK-HEP-1细胞无明显作用; 人源化GC33(humanized GC33, hGC33)具有和上述GC33相似的抑制移植瘤增殖效应, hGC33缺乏糖基, 主要通过诱导ADCC和补体依赖性细胞毒性反应, 发挥抗肿瘤活性; 肿瘤相关的巨噬细胞与GC33非ADCC机制所致的抗肿瘤效应密切相关, 可通过增加HCC细胞对化疗药物敏感性, 抑制GPC-3阳性细胞增殖. hGC33与索拉非尼联合治疗, 较单用索拉非尼对移植瘤抑制效率更高, 现已进入Ⅱ期临床试验[32]. 抗GPC-3人单抗HS20, 能有效识别并结合GPC-3硫酸乙酰肝素链, 破坏Wnt3a和GPC-3结合, 阻断Wnt3a/β-catenin信号. 此外, HS20能抑制体外Wnt3a依赖的肝癌细胞增殖, 也能抑制裸鼠体内移植瘤生长, 为PHC分子靶向治疗的潜在靶点[4].
人源化MDX-1414、YP7及HN3抗体, 现处于临床前评估阶段. 抗重链可变区抗体HN3, 与细胞表面GPC-3有高亲和力, 可调节YAP通路使细胞周期阻滞在G1期, 抑制GPC-3阳性肝癌细胞增殖, 显著抑制裸鼠移植瘤生长[33-35]. 因GPC-3可通过促进或稳定与Frizzled间作用, 激活Wnt通路, 缺乏HS链的sGPC-3可阻断硫酸肝素类生长因子激活Wnt信号通路, 抑制肝癌细胞增殖和血管生长; 另还可抑制Erk-1/2和Akt相关通路, 阻断肝癌Huh7和HepG2细胞的Erk1/2和Akt磷酸化作用[36].
针对GPC-3肿瘤疫苗已进入临床试验阶段. 以鼠GPC-3转染Colon26细胞株后接种GPC-3衍生和Kd-限制性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL)表位肽抑制肿瘤生长, 证实GPC-3具较高免疫原性, 有效诱导抗肿瘤免疫反应且无自身免疫性. HLA-A24(A*2402)和H-2Kd-限制性GPC-3298-306(EYILSLEEL)或HLA-A2(A*0201)-限制性GPC-3144-152(FVGEFFTDV)与弗氏不完全佐剂混合能诱导产生GPC-3 CTLs, GPC-3衍生肽疫苗通过诱导CTL反应发挥抗肿瘤效应, 疫苗免疫效应呈剂量依赖性, 该疫苗处于中晚期肝癌治疗Ⅱ期临床试验阶段[37,38]. Ⅰ期临床试验显示GPC-3衍生肽疫苗耐受性良好, 抗肿瘤效果显著. GPC-3肽特异性CTL数高者总生存率更高, 可作为肝癌患者接种肽疫苗后总生存率的预测指标[39]. 系列研究[40]表明CTLs具高度亲和力, 对接种GPC-3-144-152肽疫苗有临床疗效的肝癌患者, CTLs可诱导产生肿瘤细胞天然抗原特异性杀伤活性.
已有GPC-3 miRNA、shRNA和siRNA抑制PHC增殖的报道[41-44]. miR-219-5p在肝癌细胞株中表达明显降低, 与瘤体大小、分化及总存活时间密切相关. 体外可抑制细胞增殖并使细胞周期G1期阻滞, 降低GPC-3 mRNA及蛋白水平, 抑制癌细胞增殖[15]. miR-520c-3p及miR-1271能特异性靶向作用于肝癌细胞株, 降低GPC-3表达, 诱导肝癌细胞凋亡并抑制增殖与侵袭[45,46]. 另特异性shRNA沉默GPC-3基因转录, 能明显抑制肝癌细胞增殖, 细胞周期阻滞在G1期, 且能诱导肝癌细胞凋亡. 移植瘤模型转染shRNA能有效抑制瘤体生长[47,48]. GPC-3 siRNA可明显抑制HepG2及Huh7细胞增殖与侵袭, 均已得到体内、外研究结果的证实[49,50](表3).
组别 | 名称 | 种属 | 抗原或基因 | 进展 |
抗体 | M18D04, M19B11 | 鼠 | GPC-3 N末端(残基: 25-358) | 前期基础研究[31] |
A1836A | 鼠 | GPC-3 N末端 | 前期基础研究[31] | |
GPC3-C02 | 鼠 | GPC-3 C末端 | 前期基础研究[31] | |
GC33 | 鼠 | GPC-3 C末端(残基: 52-563) | 临床前期研究[31] | |
hGC33 | 人GC33 | GPC-3 C末端(残基: 524-563) | Ⅱ期临床试验[32] | |
HS20 | 人 | GPC-3硫酸乙酰肝素链 | 临床前试验[4] | |
MDX-1414 | 人 | - | 临床前评估阶段[33] | |
YP7 | 人 | - | 临床前评估阶段[34] | |
HN3 | 人 | - | 临床前评估阶段[35] | |
sGPC-3 | 人 | - | 临床前试验[36] | |
疫苗 | GPC-3 298-306 | 鼠 | 多肽298-306 | Ⅱ期临床试验[37,38] |
GPC-3 144-152 | 鼠 | 多肽144-152 | Ⅱ期临床试验[40] | |
miRNA | miR-219-5p | 人 | GPC-3 mRNA | 体外及体内研究[15] |
miR-520c-3p | 人 | GPC-3 mRNA | 体外研究[45] | |
miR-1271 | 人 | GPC-3 mRNA | 体外及体内研究[46] | |
shRNA | GPC-3 shRNA | 人 | GPC-3 mRNA | 体外及体内研究[48] |
siRNA | GPC-3 siRNA | 人 | GPC-3 mRNA | 体外及体内研究[49] |
癌胚型GPC-3和PHC发生, 发展及预后相关. 癌组织GPC-3 mRNA和蛋白表达明显升高, 是肝癌诊断和预后的相关指标. 针对GPC-3的PHC靶向治疗研究正在深入, 已进入Ⅱ期临床试验阶段. 小干扰RNA的干预作用, 在体内、外研究模型中已得到证实, miR-219-5p、miR-520c-3p及miR-1271能特异靶向于肝癌细胞, 降低GPC-3表达, 抑制移植瘤生长, 具有应用前景, 期待着更深入的临床研究.
磷脂酰肌醇蛋白多糖(glypican, GPC)家族6个亚型, 其中GPC-3基因大于900 kb, 5'-端朝向端粒区, 3'-端朝向中心粒区, 8个外显子和7个内含子, 分子量为66 kDa. GPC-3是硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白家族中的一员, 参与调控在细胞的增殖, 分化和迁移等过程. 在肝癌特异表达, 可用于诊断与治疗.
王阁, 教授, 中国人民解放军第三军医大学第三附属医院
抗GPC-3人单抗HS20, 能有效识别并结合GPC-3硫酸乙酰肝素链, 破坏Wnt3a和GPC-3结合, 阻断Wnt3a/β-catenin信号; 能抑制Wnt3a依赖的肝癌细胞增殖, 抑制裸鼠体内移植瘤生长, 为PHC分子靶向治疗的潜在靶点.
Sawada等报道经Ⅰ期临床试验显示GPC-3衍生肽疫苗耐受性良好, 抗肿瘤效果显著. GPC-3肽特异性CTL数高者总生存率更高, 可作为肝癌患者接种肽疫苗后总生存率的预测指标.
人源化GC33缺乏糖基, 通过诱导ADCC和补体依赖性细胞毒性反应, 发挥抗肿瘤活性; 与索拉非尼联合治疗, 较单用索拉非尼对移植瘤抑制效率更高, 现已进入Ⅱ期临床试验.
GPC-3及其mRNA已用于肝癌诊断. 针对GPC-3的PHC治疗研究, 已进入Ⅱ期临床试验. 特异靶向于肝癌细胞, 降低GPC-3表达, 抑制移植瘤生长, 具有明显的应用前景, 期待深入研究.
蛋白聚糖: 由核心蛋白和糖胺聚糖(GAG)侧链构成, 核心蛋白富含14个半胱氨酸残基的独特保守序列, 位于中央区域; GAG侧链为肝素和硫酸乙酰肝素插入位点由羧基端50个氨基酸残基决定, 使该链靠近细胞膜.
本文重点阐述GPC-3与肝癌发生发展的关系以及其成为肝癌靶向治疗的潜在分子, 整篇文章结构合理, 数据详实可靠, 是一篇比较优秀的述评文章.
编辑:郭鹏 电编:都珍珍
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