修回日期: 2014-12-30
接受日期: 2015-01-04
在线出版日期: 2015-04-18
肝性脑病(hepatic encephalopathy, HE)是严重肝病常见的并发症及死亡原因. 临床上可表现为从不易察觉的, 只有通过神经心理测试才能检测出的轻微性HE, 到行为异常, 智力减退, 甚至昏迷, 死亡. 是一种可逆的神经精神障碍, 不仅降低患者的生活质量, 且因其具有复发的危险, 导致患者频繁住院, 由此产生的医疗费用也增加. 不幸的是, HE的发病率持续升高, 原因之一是部分病毒性肝炎患者如今已发展为肝硬化; 原因之二是我们正处于全球肥胖的潮流中, 代谢综合征与非酒精性脂肪肝的发病率增加, 大多数患者出现慢性肝病相关的并发症, 如HE. 基于HE较高的发病率和死亡率及与之相关的医疗费用, 寻求有效的治疗方法十分重要. 本文将对HE治疗的进展作一概述.
核心提示: 肝性脑病(hepatic encephalopathy)是一种神经精神异常综合征, 与各种急慢性肝病, 门体分流有关, 氨中毒学说是其主要发病机制, 治疗上以药物治疗为主, 非药物治疗为辅, 并且不可忽视营养支持的作用及患者出院后的长期维持治疗.
引文著录: 徐瑞, 常江. 肝性脑病的治疗进展. 世界华人消化杂志 2015; 23(11): 1755-1762
Revised: December 30, 2014
Accepted: January 4, 2015
Published online: April 18, 2015
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common complication of severe liver disease and a common cause of mortality. Clinical features range from clinically imperceptible symptoms in minimal HE which require neuropsychological testing to identify, to abnormal behavior, mental deterioration, and even coma or death. It is a reversible progressive neuropsychiatric disorder that is associated with a decrease in quality of life and an increase in rate of hospitalization and consequent costs because patients are at risk for recurrence. Unfortunately, the prevalence of HE continues to rise for several reasons. For one, patients with viral hepatitis are now developing cirrhosis. Additionally, we are currently in the midst of a global obesity epidemic, which fuels the metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and these patients are now presenting in larger numbers with complications of chronic liver disease such as HE. The high morbidity and mortality combined with the costs underline the importance to search the effective treatment for HE. This article reviews the progress in the treatment of HE.
- Citation: Xu R, Chang J. Progress in treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23(11): 1755-1762
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v23/i11/1755.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v23.i11.1755
肝性脑病(hepatic encephalopathy, HE)是一种由于急慢性肝功能严重障碍或各种门体分流异常所致, 以代谢紊乱为基础的, 并排除了其他已知脑病的神经精神异常综合征. 分为隐匿性肝性脑病(covert hepatic encephalopathy, CHE)和显性肝性脑病(overt hepatic encephalopathy, OHE), 前者包括轻微性肝性脑病(minimal hepatic encephalopathy, MHE)和HE Ⅰ期, 后者包括HE Ⅱ-Ⅳ期, 可分为反复发作性和持续性HE[1]. 其发病机制较复杂, 至今未完全阐明. 包括: 氨中毒学说、γ-氨基丁酸神经递质与假性神经递质学说、细菌感染与炎症反应等, 但氨中毒学说仍是其主要发病机制. 文献[2]报道, 肝硬化合并腹水的患者, 1年内发生HE的风险为15%, 一旦患者发生HE, 1年内的死亡率可达60%. 目前的治疗主要是降低血氨浓度, 治疗包括两部分: 住院期间的治疗及出院后的维持治疗. 本文就近几年来对其治疗措施作一概述.
约75%的HE患者存在中至重度蛋白质-能量营养不良, 营养不良是HE及其他肝硬化并发症的危险因素, 患者对蛋白质的需求量比正常人高, 且有发生禁食反应的危险, 因此, 对HE患者进行营养支持十分重要[3]. 研究[4]显示, 对MHE患者进行营养支持有助于提高患者的生活质量, 改善MHE. 进食早餐, 可提高MHE患者的注意力与操作能力[5]. 当然, 患者的依从性是一个问题, 且营养方案的制定应遵循个体化原则.
肝硬化患者, 肝糖原储备能力下降, 机体通过糖异生, 把氨基酸转化成葡萄糖. 糖异生是一个非常耗能的过程, 与静息能量消耗增加有关. 这种能量消耗的增加需要相应增加能量摄入来抵消. 国际肝性脑病和氮质代谢学会(International Society for Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism, ISHEN)推荐, 按理想体质量计算, 每日的能量摄入为35-40 kcal/kg体质量, 对于肥胖的患者, 可适当减少到20-25 kcal/kg体质量[6], 能量的减少应考虑减少碳水化合物与脂肪供能, 而蛋白质的提供的能量应保持不变[7].
肝硬化患者由于糖异生, 可导致骨骼肌肌肉蛋白的损耗, 骨骼肌的损耗是HE的危险因素[8], 且患者更容易产生类似正常人饥饿状态下的禁食反应, 因此, HE患者应避免长期限制蛋白质摄入. ISHEN推荐, 按理想体质量计算, 蛋白质每天的摄入量为: 1.2-1.5 g/kg体质量[6]. 但是, 蛋白质的来源十分重要. 植物蛋白含有的膳食纤维多, 膳食纤维可促进排便, 降低肠道pH, 增加粪便中氨的排泄, 调节肠道微生物[9], 并且植物蛋白含鸟氨酸与精氨酸, 可提高尿素循环效率, 促进氨的排泄[10]. Amodio等[6]认为每天应摄入30-40 g植物蛋白. 研究[11]表明, 长期口服支链氨基酸, 亦有利于HE患者的营养支持. 与肉类蛋白相比, 牛奶中的蛋白质容易被吸收, 可降低HE发生的危险性[7].
对于HE患者, 关于碳水化合物与脂肪的摄入量及配方目前尚无定论[7]. 研究[12]认为, 复合性碳水化合物可延缓机体进入禁食反应的时间, 减少氨的产生. 坚果, 包括杏仁、榛子、花生, 是富含脂肪的食物, 对于恶病质食欲减低的患者, 可作为其能量来源[7].
水溶性维生素的缺乏, 特别是硫胺素, 与一系列精神症状有关. 研究表明, 酒精性肝硬化与非酒精性肝硬化都存在维生素缺乏. 多种维生素的补充, 经济实惠且不良反应少. 需要注意的是韦尼克氏脑病, 共济失调、混淆和记忆丧失是HE与韦尼克氏脑病的共有临床表现, 但后者可通过眼球震颤、上睑下垂、和瘫痪侧共轭凝视等症状而与HE区别出来, 当怀疑有韦尼克氏脑病时, 应立即补充维生素B1[6].
1.5.1 锌: 锌缺乏在肝硬化者中很常见, 终末期肝病模型评分(model for end-stage liver disease, MELD)为12的患者, 锌缺乏的发生率为96%[13]. 补锌能增加鸟氨酸氨基甲酰转移酶与谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性, 从而提高机体对氨的代谢. 但是, 近期的一项临床试验显示, HE患者并没有从补锌的治疗中获益, 即使获益, 也是很微小的[14]. 补锌对HE认知功能的改善作用目前仍存在争议[13].
1.5.2 钠: 低钠血症可直接或通过相互作用的方式影响大脑功能, 从而导致HE, 是被认可的HE的危险因素[15,16]. 且随着血清钠的降低, 对乳果糖治疗的疗效下降[17]. 因此, HE患者, 及时纠正低钠血症, 不仅可改善患者的认知功能, 且能提高乳果糖的治疗效果. 但低钠血症应该逐步纠正, 因为患者发生脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症的风险增加[18]. 当钠摄入少, 水摄入多时, 低钠血症更易发生[19], 所以HE患者应注意水盐平衡[7].
1.5.3 其他微量元素: 钙, 镁, 铁, 虽然与HE的病理生理没有直接关联, 但是能引起认知功能的变化, 意识混乱, 昏迷, 继发性痴呆[20]. 高钙血症与低镁, 铁缺乏应予纠正[6,21]. 有报道[22], 肝硬化患者硒是缺乏的, 但是硒缺乏与肝硬化的关系及抗氧化硒蛋白与HE的关系尚有待研究.
包括乳果糖和乳梨醇, 其作用机制是: 在肠道双歧乳酸杆菌的作用下分解成低分子量有机酸, 酸化肠道, 减少氨的吸收. 乳果糖还可作为营养物质促进肠道双歧杆菌的生长, 其分解产物可以刺激肠道蠕动, 缓解便秘, 加速肠道细菌与毒素的排除, 糖尿病患者亦可使用[27]. 是目前治疗HE的一线药物. 可改善MHE患者的认知功能, 提高健康相关的生活质量以及对机动车的驾驶能力[28], 减缓向OHE的进展[29], 且可预防HE的再次发生[30]. 需要注意的是, 过量使用乳果糖可引起误吸, 脱水, 高钠血症等不良反应, 使患者依从性下降, 严重时可诱发HE, 且对乳果糖依从性降低是HE再次发生的常见原因[31].
新霉素是肠道吸收甚少的氨基糖苷类抗生素, 是美国食品和药品管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)批准用于治疗HE的药物, 但其疗效有限, 且具有神经毒性、耳毒性等不良反应, 因而限制了他的临床应用[32]. 非氨基糖苷类抗生素利福昔明, 具有广谱的抗肠道细菌作用[33], 但对肠道正常菌群不产生影响[34]. Bajaj等[28]发现, 利福昔明治疗的HE患者中, 抗炎因子白介素-10(interleukin-10, IL-10)增加, 故利福昔明可能具有调节肠道局部免疫反应与炎症的作用. 2010年, 美国FDA批准利福昔明用于维持OHE的长期缓解, 预防复发. 近年来, 随着对利福昔明的研究, 对其在治疗HE方面, 有了新的认识. 利福昔明治疗MHE 2 mo, 可改善临界视觉闪烁频率测试, 神经测试, 疗效与益生菌, 门冬氨酸-鸟氨酸相当[35], 甚至可逆转MHE[36]. 利福昔明与乳果糖连用, 与单用乳果糖相比, 更能有效的治疗OHE[37]. Mullen等[38]对出院后使用利福昔明的OHE患者进行2年的随访发现, 利福昔明并没有增加患者感染的风险, 且耐药率低, 是对OHE患者出院后进行长期维持治疗的安全, 有效的药物. 虽然已有不少回顾性研究表明利福昔明用于HE的长期治疗是安全, 有效的, 但尚需高质量的研究进一步明确其用于长期治疗的安全性与有效性, 以及其与乳果糖, 支链氨基酸连用的效果. 关于利福昔明, 目前最大的争议是其价格贵, 从经济学方面分析, 不是治疗HE的首选, 且因价格贵, 多数患者不能坚持用药, 依从性下降[39].
LOLA(L-ornithine-L-aspartate)是L-鸟氨酸, L-天冬氨酸的复合物. 研究[40]表明, LOLA可降低血氨, 对OHE、MHE均有改善作用. 但不是所有研究均认为, LOLA对HE有改善作用[41]. 由于缺乏高质量的研究, 故任何关于LOLA治疗HE的研究结论, 读者应三思[42]. 目前, 多数国家把他作为辅助药物, 一项来自巴基斯坦的研究表明, LOLA作为辅剂, 与乳果糖合用, 与单用乳果糖相比, 能更有效的改善HE[43].
支链氨基酸是谷氨酸的原料, 有助于骨骼肌中氨的代谢. 支链氨基酸的补充可增加胰岛素分泌, 从而增加葡萄糖的利用率和减少肌肉蛋白的代谢[44], 提高免疫功能, 降低肝细胞癌的发生[45], 降低大脑中芳香族氨基酸的含量, 减少假性神经递质的形成[46]. 研究[47]表明, 长期口服支链氨基酸(大约0.25 g/kg体质量), 不仅可改善HE患者的营养状态, 且可减少HE的再次发生率.
肝硬化时, 肠道屏障受损, 肠蠕动减慢, 双歧杆菌等益生菌数量减少, 大肠杆菌、梭菌大量繁殖并产生大量内毒素和氨, 这些肠道屏障受损引起的改变, 特别是细菌移位和细菌毒素的产生、摄取增加, 与HE、自发性细菌性腹膜炎等肝硬化并发症密切相关[48]. 益生菌是活性的非病原微生物, 作用机制是: 酸化肠道, 竞争营养物质, 产生抗菌物质, 抑制肠道病原菌, 减少细菌移位, 调节肠道通透性及炎症反应[23]. 益生菌可改善MHE患者的神经心理测试, 认知功能[49], 延缓向OHE的发展[50]. Saji等[51]给予MHE患者4 wk的益生菌治疗, 结果发现, 与安慰剂相比, 多项指标, 如血氨, 数字连接实验并未得到明显改善, 短期的益生菌治疗并不能改善MHE.
二甲胺四环素与地塞米松均具有调节炎症反应与氧化应激的作用, 且二甲胺四环素可有效减轻细胞毒性水肿, 降低颅内压, 对急性肝损伤所致的HE有治疗作用, 但尚有待研究[52].
血氨升高是HE的主要发病机制. 氨主要来源于消化系, 除了肠道产尿素酶细菌可产氨外, 幽门螺杆菌亦可产氨, HE患者可能从根除幽门螺杆菌的治疗中获益[53].
对于有大量分流者, 可行经皮栓塞术, 已有两项回顾性研究证明, 对存在大量分流的顽固性HE患者进行栓塞术是有效与安全的, 长期随访发现, 患者静脉曲张出血的风险并没有增加[57,58]. 而栓塞后再次发生HE, Laleman等[57]认为与肝功能有关, MELD>11分的患者, 栓塞后易再次复发.
该系统于1999年被引进, 基于白蛋白透析的原理, 该系统可清除胆红素、胆酸、一氧化二氮, 内源性苯二氮卓类和氨等毒素. 有研究[59]表明, MARS通过降低循环血液中的芳香族氨基酸, 内毒素而改善HE. FAD批准MARS可用于因慢性肝功能失代偿引起的HE. 其他非生物型人工肝方法, 如: 血浆置换, 血液滤过, 血液滤过透析也可在一定程度上清楚内毒素、胆红素、血氨等, 改善肝功能衰竭者HE症状[60,61].
冰帽是最简单的一种选择性低温方法, 可减缓脑代谢, 减轻脑水肿, 降低颅内压. 张玉波等[62]研究发现, 在原有治疗的基础上加用冰帽, 有助于改善OHE患者意识恢复后认知功能的缺损.
对上述治疗无效的患者, 可考虑LT. HE并不是LT的适应征, 除非患者的肝功能很差. 但是, 临床上当HE严重影响患者的生活质量, 药物使用到最大剂量也无效时, 即使肝功良好, 也进行LT[3]. 由于门体分流的存在, LT后, 患者仍有可能发生HE, 因此, 移植前或移植过程中需明确分流的诊断, 并行栓塞[63]. LT后HE可得到改善, 但会加重神经退行性疾病, 如: 阿尔茨海默氏症, 且移植后免疫抑制剂的使用会增加肿瘤的发生[3]. 因此需充分认识到, 并不是所有HE患者通过LT, 均可逆转[64], HE患者进行LT时, 应慎重.
HE患者, 尤其是反复发作性OHE患者出院后, 仍需长期维持治疗. 乳果糖, 益生菌, 利福昔明均可减少HE的复发率[30,38]. 此外, 对患者进行教育及正确使用药物, 尤其是乳果糖, 可减少HE的复发率[65].
当前的治疗综合了营养支持, 有潜在疗效的药物, 关于门体分流的栓塞术及非生物型人工肝方法. 但仍需要对HE的治疗作进一步研究, 探讨最佳治疗方案, 尤其是从经济学方面考虑, 对患者经济且有效的药物.
肝性脑病(hepatic encephalopathy, HE)和各种急慢性肝病, 门体分流有关, 具有较高的死亡率及复发率, 发病率也在逐年上升. 是一种可逆的神经精神障碍综合征, 本文在努力搜集国内外最新资料的基础上, 对HE的治疗进展作一概述, 以期给此病的治疗提供一些借鉴.
金山, 主任医师, 内蒙古医学院附属医院普通外科
本文通过综合对比各家之言, 努力从众多的治疗措施中提炼出比较安全有效的措施, 也对该病一些新的认识作了综述, 及有针对性的措施. 如文中提到的营养支持, 肠道菌群, 幽门螺杆菌对此疾病发生发展的影响以及针对这些因素所做的措施. 本文还提及一些新药, 如: 聚乙二醇3350-电解质溶液、苯丁酸甘油、磷酸铁柠檬酸钾.
丁惠国等在2014年发表在《中国医学前沿杂志》中关于中国HE诊治共识意见, 对HE的发病机制, 诊断及治疗进行了深刻剖析, 具有一定实用价值.
此文章与其他相关的或类似文章的不同点在于注重引用国内外新近的研究结果,重视对系统评价及Meta分析结果的总结分析. 从营养支持, 药物及非药物治疗方面对HE的治疗作了全面总结.
此文章不仅重视所引用文章的新颖性, 而且注重所引用文章的权威性, 精心对比,分析不同文章的治疗措施. 选择可信度高的治疗, 具有一定的临床应用价值, 同时, 也综述了一些前沿的东西, 对未来的指导研究也有参考价值.
此文章语言流畅, 引用较新文献, 对HE的治疗的研究作了较好总结, 内容具有重要临床价值.
编辑: 韦元涛 电编: 都珍珍
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