This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Role of LPS/TLR4 signaling pathway in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Xiao-Lei Yin, Wei-Na Lu, Li-Ying Feng
Xiao-Lei Yin, Wei-Na Lu, Li-Ying Feng, Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
Correspondence to: Li-Ying Feng, Professor, Chief Physician, Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China. hysfly888@163.com
Received: May 30, 2013 Revised: August 23, 2013 Accepted: August 29, 2013 Published online: October 8, 2013
The LPS/TLR4 signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The up-regulation of expression of LPS receptor TLR4 induces inflammatory response and promotes liver cell damage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. When nonalcoholic fatty liver disease occurs, disordered intestinal bacterial growth leads to increased production of LPS and increased permeability of the intestinal wall and therefore induces intestinal endotoxemia. Via MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways, LPS up-regulates the expression of TLR4 in Kupffer cells, activates NF-kB, induces strong inflammatory responses and mediates liver injury. This review aims to elucidate the role of the LPS/TLR4 signaling pathway in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Birkenfeld AL, Shulman GI. Non alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.Hepatology. 2013; Aug 8. [Epub ahead of print].
[PubMed] [DOI]
Wigg AJ, Roberts-Thomson IC, Dymock RB, McCarthy PJ, Grose RH, Cummins AG. The role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, intestinal permeability, endotoxaemia, and tumour necrosis factor alpha in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.Gut. 2001;48:206-211.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Choi KC, Hwang JM, Bang SJ, Kim BT, Kim DH, Chae M, Lee SA, Choi GJ, Kim da H, Lee JC. Chloroform extract of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by downregulating ERK/NF-κB signaling and cytokine production.J Med Food. 2013;16:410-420.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Love W, Dobbs N, Tabor L, Simecka JW. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a major role in innate resistance in the lung against murine Mycoplasma.PLoS One. 2010;5:e10739.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Liu F, Lu W, Qian Q, Qi W, Hu J, Feng B. Frequency of TLR 2, 4, and 9 gene polymorphisms in Chinese population and their susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease.J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:373945.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Kim HM, Park BS, Kim JI, Kim SE, Lee J, Oh SC, Enkhbayar P, Matsushima N, Lee H, Yoo OJ. Crystal structure of the TLR4-MD-2 complex with bound endotoxin antagonist Eritoran.Cell. 2007;130:906-917.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Bryant CE, Spring DR, Gangloff M, Gay NJ. The molecular basis of the host response to lipopolysaccharide.Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8:8-14.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Jiang D, Liang J, Fan J, Yu S, Chen S, Luo Y, Prestwich GD, Mascarenhas MM, Garg HG, Quinn DA. Regulation of lung injury and repair by Toll-like receptors and hyaluronan.Nat Med. 2005;11:1173-1179.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Naugler WE, Sakurai T, Kim S, Maeda S, Kim K, Elsharkawy AM, Karin M. Gender disparity in liver cancer due to sex differences in MyD88-dependent IL-6 production.Science. 2007;317:121-124.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Davidson-Moncada J, Papavasiliou FN, Tam W. MicroRNAs of the immune system: roles in inflammation and cancer.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1183:183-194.
[PubMed] [DOI]
De Creus A, Abe M, Lau AH, Hackstein H, Raimondi G, Thomson AW. Low TLR4 expression by liver dendritic cells correlates with reduced capacity to activate allogeneic T cells in response to endotoxin.J Immunol. 2005;174:2037-2045.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Zarember KA, Godowski PJ. Tissue expression of human Toll-like receptors and differential regulation of Toll-like receptor mRNAs in leukocytes in response to microbes, their products, and cytokines.J Immunol. 2002;168:554-561.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Rivera CA, Adegboyega P, van Rooijen N, Tagalicud A, Allman M, Wallace M. Toll-like receptor-4 signaling and Kupffer cells play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.J Hepatol. 2007;47:571-579.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Su GL, Klein RD, Aminlari A, Zhang HY, Steinstraesser L, Alarcon WH, Remick DG, Wang SC. Kupffer cell activation by lipopolysaccharide in rats: role for lipopolysaccharide binding protein and toll-like receptor 4.Hepatology. 2000;31:932-936.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Seki E, Tsutsui H, Nakano H, Tsuji N, Hoshino K, Adachi O, Adachi K, Futatsugi S, Kuida K, Takeuchi O. Lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-18 secretion from murine Kupffer cells independently of myeloid differentiation factor 88 that is critically involved in induction of production of IL-12 and IL-1beta.J Immunol. 2001;166:2651-2657.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Ye D, Li FY, Lam KS, Li H, Jia W, Wang Y, Man K, Lo CM, Li X, Xu A. Toll-like receptor-4 mediates obesity-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis through activation of X-box binding protein-1 in mice.Gut. 2012;61:1058-1067.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Machida K, Tsukamoto H, Mkrtchyan H, Duan L, Dynnyk A, Liu HM, Asahina K, Govindarajan S, Ray R, Ou JH. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates synergism between alcohol and HCV in hepatic oncogenesis involving stem cell marker Nanog.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:1548-1553.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Bergheim I, Weber S, Vos M, Krämer S, Volynets V, Kaserouni S, McClain CJ, Bischoff SC. Antibiotics protect against fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in mice: role of endotoxin.J Hepatol. 2008;48:983-992.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Brun P, Castagliuolo I, Di Leo V, Buda A, Pinzani M, Palù G, Martines D. Increased intestinal permeability in obese mice: new evidence in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2007;292:G518-G525.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Cani PD, Bibiloni R, Knauf C, Waget A, Neyrinck AM, Delzenne NM, Burcelin R. Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice.Diabetes. 2008;57:1470-1481.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Yang SQ, Lin HZ, Lane MD, Clemens M, Diehl AM. Obesity increases sensitivity to endotoxin liver injury: implications for the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:2557-2562.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Li Z, Yang S, Lin H, Huang J, Watkins PA, Moser AB, Desimone C, Song XY, Diehl AM. Probiotics and antibodies to TNF inhibit inflammatory activity and improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Hepatology. 2003;37:343-350.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Solga SF, Diehl AM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: lumen-liver interactions and possible role for probiotics.J Hepatol. 2003;38:681-687.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Ladefoged M, Buschard K, Hansen AM. Increased expression of toll-like receptor 4 and inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 in particular, in islets from a mouse model of obesity and type 2 diabetes.APMIS. 2013;121:531-538.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Liang H, Hussey SE, Sanchez-Avila A, Tantiwong P, Musi N. Effect of lipopolysaccharide on inflammation and insulin action in human muscle.PLoS One. 2013;8:e63983.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Spruss A, Kanuri G, Wagnerberger S, Haub S, Bischoff SC, Bergheim I. Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the development of fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in mice.Hepatology. 2009;50:1094-1104.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Spruss A, Bergheim I. Dietary fructose and intestinal barrier: potential risk factor in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.J Nutr Biochem. 2009;20:657-662.
[PubMed] [DOI]