Clinical features of gastroesophageal reflux disease and erosive esophagitis: Insights from patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy in resource-limited Ethiopia

Table 1 Risk factors of patients with erosive esophagitis at Tikur Anbesa specialized hospital and Adera medical and surgical center during the study period

Risk factors		Number (n)	Percentage (%)
BMI	Less than 18.5	13/221	5.9
	18.5-24.9	114/221	51.6
	24.9-29.9	75/221	33.9
	30 and above	19/221	8.6
Risk factor history	Family history present	39/221	17.6
	Symptoms during pregnancy	2/84	2.4
	Traditional herb use	18/221	8.1
	Myotomy for Achalasia	1/221	0.5
Smoking	Current smoker	11/221	5%
	Ex-smoker	8/221	3.6
Alcohol	Occasional	49/221	22.2
	More than 1 drink/week	28/221	12.7
Drug history	CCB	27/221	12.2
	Aspirin/NSAID	13/221	5.9
	Prednisolone	4/221	1.8
	Metformin	4/221	1.8
	Iron	2/221	0.9

BMI: Body mass index; CCB: Calcium channel blocker; NSAID: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

Table 2 Co-morbidities of patients with erosive esophagitis at Tikur Anbesa specialized hospital and Adera medical and surgical center during the study period

Co-morbidities	Number (n)	Percentage (%)
Diabetes mellitus	15/221	6.8
HTN	28/221	12.7
NAFLD	7/221	3.2
Dyslipidemia	13/221	5.9
CLD/PHTN	14/221	6.3
Asthma	4/221	1.8
IBS	20/221	9
Cholelithiasis	7/221	3.2
Scleroderma	3/221	1.4
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux	15/221	6.8

HTN: Hypertension; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; CLD: Chronic liver disease; PHTN: Portal hypertension; IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome.

Table 3 Clinical characteristics of patients with erosive esophagitis at Tikur Anbesa specialized hospital and Adera medical and surgical center during the study period

Clinical characteristics		Number (n)	Percentage (%)
Typical symptoms		101/221	45.7
Atypical intestinal symptoms		202/221	91.4
Atypical extra intestinal symptoms		50/221	22.6
Alarm features	Loss of appetite	35/221	15.8
	Weight loss	59/221	26.7
	Dysphagia	16/221	7.2
	Odynophagia	3/221	1.4
	Anemia	12/181	6.6
	UGIB	32/221	14.5
Duration of symptoms	Less than three months	43/221	19.5
	3-6months	52/221	23.5
	Six months to 2 years	75/221	33.9
	More than two years	51/221	23.1
Helicobacter pylori stool antigen	Not done	66/221	29.9
	Negative	121/221	54.8
	Positive	34/221	15.4

UGIB: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Table 4 Endoscopic characteristics of patients with erosive esophagitisat Tikur Anbesa specialized hospital and Adera medical and surgical center during the study period

Endoscopic findings		Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
HH		101/221	45.7
Erosive esophagitis	LA-A	158/221	71.5
	LA-B	33/221	14.9
	LA-C	17/221	7.7
	LA-D	13/221	5.9
Barrett’s esophagus		3/221	1.4
Gastric ulcer		9/221	4.1
Duodenal ulcer		25/221	11.3
Stricture		10/221	4.5
Gastropathy/gastritis		70/221	31.7
	Pan gastropathy	12/70
	Antral gastropathy	58/70
Bile reflux gastropathy		13/221	5.9
Duodenopathy/duodenitis		22/221	10
Others	Portal hypertensive gastropathy	4/221	1.8
	Grade 1 EV	3/221	1.4
	GAVE	1/221	0.5
	Gastric polyp	2/221	0.9

HH: Hiatal hernia; LA: Los Angeles; EV: Esophageal varices; GAVE: Gastric antral vascular ectasia.

Table 5 Factors associated with the severity of erosive esophagitis in patients with erosive esophagitisat Tikur Anbesa specialized hospital and Adera medical and surgical center during the study period

Variables	Severity of EE
	LA-A	LA-B/C/D	COR (95%CI)	P value	AOR (95%CI)	P value
Age of the study participants
Less than 50	107	32	1
50 and above	51	31	2.032 (1.12-3.689)	0.02	2.331 (1.169-4.649)	0.016a
Diabetes mellitus
None	150	56	1
Present	8	7	2.344 (0.812-6.764)	0.115	1.826 (0.455-7.330)	0.396
NSAID use
None	152	56	1
Present	6	7	3.167 (1.020-9.829)	0.046	1.681 (0.409-6.915)	0.472
Typical symptoms
None	80	40	1.696 (0.93-3.091)	0.085	1.800 (0.909-3.563)	0.092
Present	78	23	1
UGIB
None	141	48	1
Present	17	15	2.592 (1.203-5.585)	0.015	2.603 (1.111-6.098)	0.028a
Helicobacter pylori antigen
Positive	29	5	1		-	-
Negative	88	33	2.175 (0.777-6.092)	0.139	-	-
Bile acid gastropathy
None	151	57	1
Present	7	6	2.271 (0.732-7.045)	0.156	1.812 (0.521-6.299)	0.350
Duodenal ulcer
None	145	51	1
Present	13	12	2.624 (1.125-6.122)	0.026	2.405 (0.918-6.301)	0.074
Duodenopathy/duodenitis
None	147	52	1
Present	11	11	2.827 (1.157-6.908)	0.023	3.517 (1.259-9.824)	0.016a
Antral gastritis/gastropathy
None	111	52	2.002 (0.960-4.172)	0.064	2.229 (0.997-4.986)	0.051
Present	47	11	1
Pan gastritis/gastropathy
None	147	62	4.639 (0.586-36.712)	0.146	8.256 (0.967- 70.531)	0.054
Present	11	1	1

^aP < 0.05, and it is statistically significant.

EE: Erosive esophagitis; COR: Common odds ratio; AOR: Adjusted odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; LA: Los Angeles; NSAID: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; UGIB: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding.