Probiotics: Shaping the gut immunological responses

Table 1 Probiotics on intestinal inflammation and immune responses

Probiotics	Immune system↑	Inflammatory cytokines		Epithelial barrier↑	Colitis symptoms↓	Micro-biota diversity↑	Oxidative stress↓	Stem cells↑	Goblet cells↑	M2 macrophages↑	Gut-brain axis↑	Ref.
		↓Pro-	↑Anti-
L. plantarum	+	+	+	+	+	+						[14-19,21-25]
L. acidophilus	+	+	+		+							[14,26-29]
L. rhamnosus	+	+	+	+	+		+	+				[21,32-36,38]
L. salivarius		+		+		+						[46]
L. fermentum		+	+	+	+							[42-45]
L. brevis		+										[48]
B. longum		+	+	+	+	+						[19,50-52,54]
B. bifidum		+	+	+	+							[55,56]
B. breve	+			+	+	+			+			[57,58]
B. lactis	+	+			+							[14,59]
B. pseudo-catenulatum		+	+	+	+		+					[60]
B. animalis ssp. lactis		+			+	+						[61]
P. acidilactici		+			+							[19]
P. pentosaceus		+			+					+		[63,64]
A. muciniphila		+	+	+		+					+	[67-69]
R. badensis ssp.acadiensis	+	+	+		+							[71,72]
R. intestinalis	+											[74]
T. halophilus		+			+							[76]
F. prausnitzii		+			+							[79]
E. faecium		+	+	+								[81,82]
C. butyricum		+										[84,85]
S. cerevisiae		+	+	+	+							[87-89]
S. boulardii	+											[14]

The up↑ and down↓ arrows mean ‘increase’ and ‘decrease’, respectively.