Differential analysis of intestinal microbiota and metabolites in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis

Table 1 Disease activity index assessment standards

Score	Weight loss rate	Stool consistency	Fecal occult blood
0	< 1%	Normal	Negative
1	1%-5%
2	5%-10%	Soft stool (mushy)	Positive
3	10%-15%
4	> 15%	Watery stools (mostly near the anus)	Visible bloody stools or hematochezia

Weight loss rate = (weight the day before the material is taken - weight 2 d before the material is taken)/the weight of the day before the material is taken × 100%.

Table 2 Scoring criteria for histological lesions in the colon

Content	Score
	0	1	2	3	4
Goblet cells	No loss	Mild loss	Moderate loss	Severe loss
Mucosal thickness	No change	Mild thickening	Moderate thickening	Severe thickening
Inflammatory cells	No infiltration	Mild increase	Moderate increase	Severe increase
Submucosal inflammatory cell infiltration	No infiltration		Mild increase	Moderate increase	Severe increase
Degree of disruption of mucosal structures	No damage			Mild destruction	Moderate destruction
Percentage of epithelial cell ulcer area	No ulcers	0%-25%	25%-50%	50%-75%	75%-100%
Number of crypt abscesses	No	1–3	4–6	7–9	> 10

Table 3 Differential metabolites of gut microbiota in dextran sulfate sodium-colitis mice

VIP	P value	log2 (FC)	Metabolites	Expression
1.760	0.011	2.207	Digalacturonic acid	↓
2.128	0.017	3.470	D-maltose	↓
1.747	0.017	1.927	Lactitol	↓
1.898	0.000	-2.342	D-tagatose	↑
2.323	0.000	-3.519	O-phosphoserine	↑
1.111	0.000	-0.845	5-methoxytryptamine	↑
1.659	0.000	-1.867	Spermine	↑
2.493	0.000	-4.048	Ribonic acid	↑
1.726	0.001	-1.952	Creatinine	↑
2.983	0.001	-5.714	Pinitol	↑
1.716	0.001	-2.032	Sarcosine	↑
1.327	0.002	-1.259	3-hydroxybutyric acid	↑
1.593	0.002	-1.715	Phenol	↑
2.771	0.002	-5.062	Ascorbic acid	↑
2.181	0.003	-3.167	Montanic acid	↑
1.985	0.003	-2.701	L-tryptophan	↑
1.857	0.003	-2.522	2,3-dihydroxypyridine	↑
3.490	0.003	-5.993	Putrescine	↑
1.090	0.004	-0.853	Shikimic acid	↑
1.303	0.004	-1.191	Malonic acid	↑
1.539	0.004	-1.639	L-lactic acid	↑
1.010	0.004	-0.779	L-threonine	↑
1.549	0.005	-1.665	Xanthosine	↑
1.277	0.007	-1.301	hydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxy-3'4-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid	↑
1.297	0.007	-1.238	Leucine	↑
1.113	0.008	-0.947	7-hydroxynicotinic acid	↑
1.766	0.008	-2.298	3,6-anhydro-d-galactose	↑
2.103	0.009	-3.424	3-deoxyhexitol	↑
1.162	0.011	-1.079	Thymidine	↑
1.259	0.013	-1.171	4-aminobutyric acid	↑
1.118	0.015	-1.076	Aminomalonate	↑
2.490	0.016	-4.348	Maltitol	↑
2.607	0.016	-4.806	Butane-2,3-diol	↑
1.388	0.018	-1.622	(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propionic acid	↑
1.138	0.018	-0.998	Threose	↑
1.283	0.020	-1.266	2-hydroxybutanoic acid	↑
1.148	0.021	-1.130	3-hydroxypalmitic acid	↑
1.081	0.022	-0.983	Epicatechin	↑
1.219	0.022	-1.150	L-valine	↑
1.415	0.023	-1.560	Erythronic acid	↑
2.556	0.026	-2.451	Ornithine	↑
1.935	0.028	-3.003	Diacetone alcohol	↑
1.000	0.029	-0.917	Beta-glutamic acid	↑
1.442	0.029	-1.651	Sinapinic acid	↑
1.874	0.031	-2.768	Atropine	↑
1.211	0.031	-1.903	L-asparagine	↑
1.103	0.035	-0.988	4',5-dihydroxy-7-glucosyloxyflavanone	↑
1.334	0.037	-1.861	L-glutamine	↑
2.530	0.039	-4.230	Adenosine	↑
1.070	0.039	-0.948	Pyruvic acid	↑
1.051	0.041	-0.985	Cerotinic acid	↑
1.026	0.043	-0.942	L-tyrosine	↑
1.646	0.043	-2.361	Urocanic acid	↑

Up-arrows represent upregulated metabolites, and down-arrows represent downregulated metabolites in microbiota⁺ colitis mice.