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©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Gastroenterol. Oct 21, 2022; 28(39): 5735-5749
Published online Oct 21, 2022. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i39.5735
Published online Oct 21, 2022. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i39.5735
Table 1 Characteristics of the studied patients
Variables | Group 1 (with elevated liver enzymes) | Group 2 (with normal liver enzymes) | P value | ||
Number of tested | Number of tested | ||||
n/% | 603/88.2 | 603 | 81/11.8 | 81 | |
Male, n/% | 356/59.0 | 356 | 28/34.6 | 28 | < 0.0001 |
Female, n/% | 247/41.0 | 247 | 53/65.4 | 53 | |
Age, yr ± SD | 50.7 ± 9.5 | 603 | 51.9 ± 12.4 | 81 | 0.5075 |
Hospitalization, d ± SD | 9.7 ± 5.9 | 603 | 8.7 ± 6.5 | 81 | 0.2039 |
ALT, U/L, range | 149 ± 115, 40-728 | 603 | 22 ± 9, 7-39 | 81 | < 0.0001 |
AST, U/L, range | 90 ± 77, 3-818 | 552 | 22 ± 7, 11-39 | 70 | < 0.0001 |
GGT, U/L, range | 114 ± 125, 8-820 | 550 | 22 ± 8, 7-35 | 72 | < 0.0001 |
ALP, U/L, range | 101 ± 128, 29-1183 | 93 | 77 ± 25, 45-131 | 10 | 0.128 |
Bilirubin, μmol/L, range | 9.1 ± 5.5, 3-67.1 | 460 | 7.6 ± 3.2, 3.2-18.5 | 61 | 0.0028 |
SPA, %, range | 96.1 ± 19.5, 5-176 | 500 | 98.6 ± 21.9, 39-154 | 64 | 0.3868 |
INR, range | 1.04 ± 0.18, 0.83-3.87 | 506 | 1.03 ± 0.11, 0.86-1.6 | 68 | 0.4728 |
Table 2 Coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia severity indices of patients with elevated liver enzymes (group 1) versus normal liver enzymes (group 2)
Group 1 (n = 603) | Group 2 (n = 81) | P value | |||
Number of tested | Number of tested | ||||
Moderate COVID, n/% | 436/72.2 | 603 | 64/79.0 | 81 | 0.4341 |
Severe COVID, n/% | 134/22.4 | 14/17.3 | |||
Critical COVID, n/% | 33/5.4 | 3/3.7 | |||
O2 demand, n/% | 188/31.2 | 603 | 21/25.9 | 81 | 0.3354 |
SpO2, %, range | 94.4 ± 3.5, 68-100 | 594 | 95.3 ± 2.9, 84-99 | 76 | 0.0169 |
Respiratory rate, n/min, range | 18.4 ± 3.2, 14-40 | 543 | 17.7 ± 2.4, 14-28 | 72 | 0.0291 |
Mortality, total, n/% | 17/2.8 | 603 | 3/3.7 | 81 | 0.6573 |
CRP, mg/L, range | 72.3 ± 68.9, 0.4-459.0 | 571 | 54.2 ± 56.1, 0.6-327.0 | 70 | 0.0151 |
IL-6, ng/L, range | 50.3 ± 120.0, 3-2499 | 546 | 35.7 ± 38.9, 2-188 | 65 | 0.0402 |
LDH, U/L, range | 357.9 ± 134.0, 167-979 | 435 | 299.0 ± 173.4, 134-1304 | 49 | 0.0254 |
Table 3 Comparison of coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia complications in patients with (group 1) and without (group 2) elevated liver enzymes
Group 1 | Group 2 | P value | |
Bacterial complication, n/% | 335/55.6 | 34/42.0 | 0.0213 |
Sepsis, n/% | 14/2.3 | 4/4.9 | 0.1672 |
Respiratory failure, n/% | 63/10.4 | 7/8.6 | 0.6146 |
Acid-alkaline imbalance, n/% | 11/1.8 | 0 | 0.2204 |
Electrolyte imbalance, n/% | 67/11.1 | 8/9.9 | 0.7385 |
Hyperkalemia, n/% | 10/1.7 | 0 | 0.2426 |
Hypokalemia, n/% | 40/6.6 | 7/8.6 | 0.5023 |
Hypernatremia, n/% | 1/0.2 | 2/2.5 | 0.0032 |
Hyponatremia, n/% | 13/2.2 | 0 | 0.1821 |
Blood volume decrease, n/% | 15/2.5 | 3/3.7 | 0.5209 |
Blood clotting disorder, n/% | 6/1.0 | 3/3.7 | 0.0446 |
Acute kidney failure, n/% | 15/2.5 | 1/1.2 | 0.4836 |
Acute liver failure, n/% | 5/0.8 | 0 | 0.3672 |
Antibiotic resistance, n/% | 18/3.0 | 1/1.2 | 0.3681 |
Table 4 Prevalence of underlying diseases in patients with (group 1) and without (group 2) elevated liver enzymes
Group 1 | Group 2 | P value | |
Hospitalization, d, n ± SD | 9.7 ± 5.9 | 8.7 ± 6.5 | 0.2039 |
Primary hypertension, n/% | 193/32.0 | 21/25.9 | 0.2638 |
Heart disease, n/% | 32/5.3 | 6/7.4 | 0.4430 |
Lung disease, n/% | 19/3.2 | 5/6.2 | 0.1652 |
Diabetes, n/% | 50/8.3 | 9/11.1 | 0.4015 |
Obesity, n/% | 14/2.3 | 3/3.7 | 0.4532 |
Hyperlipidemia, n/% | 31/5.1 | 5/6.2 | 0.6962 |
Podagra, n/% | 12/2.0 | 0 | 0.2002 |
Kidney disease, n/% | 16/2.7 | 4/4.9 | 0.2518 |
Prostate disease, n/% | 9/1.5 | 1/1.2 | 0.8546 |
Urinary tract disease, n/% | 39/6.5 | 6/7.4 | 0.7487 |
Thyroiditis and goiter, n/% | 21/3.5 | 4/4.9 | 0.5121 |
Gastrointestinal disease, n/% | 32/5.3 | 3/3.7 | 0.5387 |
Liver disease, n/% | 22/3.7 | 2/2.5 | 0.5865 |
Nervous and mental diseases, n/% | 27/4.5 | 1/1.2 | 0.1666 |
Cancers, n/% | 17/2.8 | 5/6.2 | 0.1098 |
Table 5 The association of the severity of coronavirus pneumonia with the demographic characteristics of patients and critical disease outcomes (data from univariate logistic regression analysis)
OR | 95% confidence interval | P value | |
Gender: male vs female | 1.5989137 | 1.1317308-2.2732760 | 0.0083 |
Age | 1.0260275 | 1.0116249-1.0409474 | 0.0004 |
Respiratory rate | 1.1588882 | 1.0942282-1.2311821 | < 0.0001 |
Acute respiratory failure | 3.3114884 | 2.0001907-5.4967193 | < 0.0001 |
O2 demand | 3.9476028 | 2.7654860-5.6573094 | < 0.0001 |
Sepsis | 7.4825581 | 2.7778683-23.601933 | 0.0002 |
Acute kidney failure | 6.2586207 | 2.2427771-20.097089 | 0.0008 |
Antibiotic resistance | 3.8879310 | 1.5485304-10.193077 | 0.0041 |
Mortality | 26.8383223 | 7.6407747-169.97850 | < 0.0001 |
Table 6 The association of the severity of coronavirus pneumonia with underlying diseases (data from univariate logistic regression analysis)
OR | 95% confidence interval | P value | |
Diabetes | 2.3041738 | 1.3274753-3.9642971 | 0.0027 |
Heart disease | 2.5760479 | 1.3198252-4.9960747 | 0.0050 |
Hyperlipidemia | 2.2857140 | 1.1426635-4.5048434 | 0.0173 |
Table 7 Independent factors associated with the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (data from multivariate logistic regression analysis)
OR | 95% confidence interval | P value | |
Age | 1.0227924 | 1.0032076-1.0431564 | 0.0234 |
Gender: male vs female | 1.7233575 | 1.1114172-2.7017507 | 0.0161 |
Respiratory rate | 1.1444804 | 1.0724480-1.2254639 | < 0.0001 |
Respiration failure | 2.1878906 | 1.1163265-4.2384266 | 0.0209 |
Sepsis | 14.923604 | 1.6112025-359.53433 | 0.0352 |
Diabetes | 3.2206335 | 1.5539799-6.6834759 | 0.0016 |
Hyperlipidemia | 2.6652639 | 1.1327787-6.2794095 | 0.0238 |
Table 8 Data from patients with acute liver failure
Gender | Age | Outcome | COVID severity | Respiratory failure, SpO2, respiratory rate | O2 | Laboratory tests | COVID complications | Comorbidities |
Male | 84 | Deceased | Critical | Yes, 83%, 18/min | No | ALT 107, ALP 117, GGT 107, LDH 743, Alb 29.3 | Sepsis; Electrolytes imbalance; Hypokalemia; Acid-alkaline imbalance | Heart disease; Epilepsy |
Male | 55 | Deceased | Critical | Yes, 91%, 34/min | Yes | CRP 111, IL-6 87, ALT 115, AST 344, ALP 40, LDH 448, Alb 28.1 | Sepsis; Hypokalemia; Hyponatremia; Blood coagulation disorder | Primary hypertension; Obesity; Antibiotic resistance |
Male | 44 | Recovered | Moderate | No, 94%, 16/min | No | CRP 98, IL-6 54, ALT 113, AST 193, ALP 73, GGT 355, LDH 399 | Hypokalemia | Primary hypertension; Heart disease; Kidney disease |
Male | 42 | Deceased | Critical | Yes, 80%, 30/min | Yes | CRP 459, IL-6 99, ALT 162, AST 183, ALP 1183, GGT 67, LDH 900, Alb 16.6 | Acute kidney failure; Sepsis; Bacterial pneumonia complication; Hypokalemia; Blood coagulation disorder | Urinary tract infection; Anemia; Antibiotic resistance |
Male | 50 | Deceased | Moderate | No, 98%, 22/min | No | CRP 221, IL-6 626, ALT 521, AST 53, ALP 296, GGT 559, LDH 546, Alb 16.5 | Acute kidney failure; Sepsis; Blood coagulation disorder; Hypokalemia | Heart disease; Cancer (lymphoma) |
Table 9 Analysis of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 depending on the outcome of the disease
Deceased | Recovered | P value | |
Total number, n/% | 20/2.9 | 664/97.1 | |
Male/female ratio | 17/3 | 367/297 | 0.0081 |
Age, yr ± SD | 64.3±11.9 | 50.45 | 0.0004 |
With normal enzymes, n/% | 3/15.0 | 78/11.7 | 0.6554 |
With elevated enzymes, n/% | 17/85.0 | 586/88.3 | |
Moderate COVID, n/% | 2/10.0 | 498/75.0 | < 0.0001 |
Severe COVID, n/% | 5/25.0 | 143/21.5 | |
Critical COVID, n/% | 13/65.0 | 23/3.5 | |
Respiratory failure, n/% | 17/85.0 | 53/8.0 | < 0.0001 |
Respiratory rate, n/min ± SD | 22.3 ± 5.6 | 18.2 ± 2.9 | 0.0099 |
SpO2, % ± SD | 88.7 ± 6.3 | 94.6 ± 3.2 | 0.0010 |
O2 demand, n/% | 11/55.0 | 198/29.8 | 0.0158 |
Bacterial pneumonia complication, n/% | 5/25.0 | 364/54.8 | 0.0084 |
Sepsis, n/% | 13/65.0 | 5/0.8 | < 0.0001 |
Acute liver failure, n/% | 4/20.0 | 1/0.15 | < 0.0001 |
Acute kidney failure, n/% | 10/50.0 | 6/0.9 | < 0.0001 |
Electrolytes imbalance, n/% | 11/55.0 | 64/9.6 | < 0.0001 |
Antibiotic resistance, n/% | 7/35.0 | 12/1.8 | < 0.0001 |
Urinary tract infections, n/% | 5/25.0 | 40/6.0 | 0.0007 |
Primary hypertension, n/% | 10/50.0 | 204/30.7 | 0.0669 |
Heart disease, n/% | 10/50.0 | 28/4.2 | < 0.0001 |
- Citation: Liakina V, Stundiene I, Milaknyte G, Bytautiene R, Reivytyte R, Puronaite R, Urbanoviciute G, Kazenaite E. Effects of COVID-19 on the liver: The experience of a single center. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28(39): 5735-5749
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v28/i39/5735.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v28.i39.5735