Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of a traumatic neuroma of the extrahepatic bile duct: A case report and review of literature

Table 1 Traumatic neuroma of the bile duct reported in the literature between 2000 and 2020

Ref.	Age	Sex	Symptoms	Location	Imaging findings	Preoperative diagnosis	Treatment
Shimura et al[10]	70	F	Abdominal discomfort	Extrahepatic bile duct	US: Hypoechoic tumor, bile duct slightly dilated	Did not indicate bile duct carcinoma	Bile duct excision and a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy
					CT: Round, hyperdense, distinct margin tumor
					Angiography: No encasement of the surrounding major vessels
					Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography: A protuberant nodule
					Intraductal ultrasonography: A smooth hypoechoic tumor
Watanabe et al[11]	48	M	Jaundice	Extrahepatic bile duct	Cholangiogram via the percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage tube: The extrahepatic bile duct severely stenotic	ND	Bile duct excision and a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy
Iannelli et al[12]	81	M	Jaundice	Common bile duct	US: Dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts	ND	Bile duct excision and a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy
					MRCP: A focal stricture
Ueno et al[2]	60	M	Jaundice	Mid-common bile duct	US: Dilatation of the bile ducts, a mildly echogenic mass	Could not confirm benign or malignant nature	Bile duct excision and a hepato-jejunal anastomosis
					CT: Dilatation of the bile ducts, a markedly enhanced nodule
					MRI: Dilatation of the bile ducts. Homogeneous enhanced nodule with an iso-intense to the aorta, both in the arterial and portal phase
					Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography: Dilatation of the bile ducts and a smooth stricture
Choi et al[13]	46	M	Increased liver enzymes	Right hepatic duct	CT: A mass approximately 2 cm	A bile duct cancer could not be excluded	Right hemihepatectomy
					MRI: A mass approximately 2 cm
Kim et al[14]	76	M	ND	Mid-bile duct	CT: A small enhancing nodule	ND	Segmental resection with a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy
					MRC: Eccentric wall thickening of the bile duct consistent with a neoplasm
Cheng et al[15]	33	F	Jaundice and weight loss	Remnant choledochal cyst	MRI: A mass	Cholangiocarcinoma	Excision of the remnant choledochal cyst and a new hepaticojejunostomy
Cheng et al[16]	56	M	Jaundice, abdominal pain and weight loss	Distal extrahepatic bile duct	US: Dilatation of bile duct	Ampullary or periampullary carcinoma	Pancreaticoduodenectomy
					MRI: Dilatation of bile duct, a filling-defect in the distal bile duct and a thickened biliary wall around the ampulla of Vater
Cheng et al[17]	68	M	Progressive jaundice and abdominal pain	Bifurcation of the left and right hepatic duct	MRI: A mass with enhancement, a stricture of the hilar bile duct, dilatation of bile ducts	Cholangiocarcinoma	Excision of the mass and a new Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy
Navez et al[18]	ND	ND	Jaundice (3 patients) or liver function test alteration (1 patient), a retro-obstructive choleperitoneum on the downstream biliary stenosis (1 patient)	Anastomotic biliary stricture	CT: Anastomotic biliary stricture (4 patients)	ND	Traumatic biliary neuromas resection combined with hepaticojejunostomy (1 patient); traumatic biliary neuromas resection and duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction protected by a T-tube (4 patients)
					MRI: A markedly homogeneous high intensity nodule enhanced on portal-phase (1 patient), anastomotic biliary stricture (4 patients)
Terzi et al[19]	17	F	Persistent elevated transaminase and bilirubin levels	Anastomotic biliary	Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography: A biliary stricture at the anastomosis	ND	Resection of the bile duct stricture and a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy
Toyonaga et al[20]	76	F	A bile duct nodule	Proximal common bile duct	CT: An 8 mm, smooth, and uniformly enhanced nodule	Submucosal tumor	Biopsy, observation for 1 year, no changes to the nodule
					Contrast enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography: A clear boundary and a low echoic nodule, uniformly enhanced at early
					Cholangioscopy: A smooth elevated lesion, covered with normal mucosa
Yang et al[21]	65	M	Jaundice	Right bile duct	MRI: A 1.0 cm × 1.5 cm mass	Cholangiocarcinoma	Resection of the mass and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy.
Hirohata et al[22]	60	F	No chief complaint	Junction of the cystic duct	US: A 6 mm round tumor, surrounding lymph nodes were not swollen	Cholangiocarcinoma	Surgery
					MRI: A slightly high signal on T2 and the periphery remnant cystic duct of the tumor presented as a high-intensity lesion on T2
					EUS: A residual cystic duct tumor with enhancement
					ERCP: Not invade the common bile duct
Yasuda et al[23]	76	M	ND	Stump of the dilatated cystic duct	EUS: A hypoechoic oval mass with a hyperechoic rim on the surface, 14 mm in diameter, hypervascularity	Amputation neuroma	Biopsy, observation
					Cholangiogram: A hemispherical defect
					Cholangioscopy: A hemispherical mass covered with thin normal cystic duct epithelium
Lalchandani et al[24]	41	M	Epigastric pain, weight loss, tea-colored urine	Common hepatic duct	US: Dilation of the bile ducts	Acute cholangitis	First: Biliary stent Finally: Bile duct resection and hepaticojejunostomy
					ERCP: A 3-4 cm stricture
Kim et al[25]	72	M	A duodenal subepithelial tumor during a medical checkup	Near the duodenal wall and the cystic duct stump	CT: A 1.4 cm mass	Duodenal subepithelial tumor	Resection of the mass and duodenal wall, en-block resection of the mass and cystic duct origin
					EUS: An 18 mm hypoechoic mass
Nechi et al[26]	76	M	Jaundice	The transition zone between the common hepatic duct and the main bile duct	US: Dilation of the bile ducts, a 5 mm hypoechoic nodule	Could not confirm benign or malignant nature	Resection of the main bile duct with a choledocho-duodenal anastomosis
					MRI: Dilation of the common hepatic duct

ND: Not described; US: Grayscale ultrasound; CT: Computed tomography; CECT: Contrast-enhanced computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; MRC: Magnetic resonance cholangiogram; MRCP: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasonography; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.