Abdominal cocoon in children: A case report and review of literature

Table 1 Summary of therapy options of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis according to the staging system

Stage	Therapy options
Stage 1/pre-EPS	Discontinuation of pertioneal dialysis
	("Sedation" of the peritoneum)
	Peritoneal lavage
	Glucocorticoids
Stage 2	Glucocorticoids
Stage 3	Glucocorticoids
	Total parenteral nutrition
Stage 4	Operation

EPS: Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis.

Table 2 Summery of our patient data

Age	Clinical symptoms	Labatory findings	Intraoperive findings	Histology
11 yr	Abdominal pain; Distended abdomen; Vomiting (bilious)	CRP: 0.3 mg/dL	Complete; encapsulation of the small bowel	Fibrous connective tissue with prominent vas-cularization, predomi-nantly from the venous type

CRP: C-reactive protein.

Table 3 Systematic literature review-patient data

Ref.	Age/sex	Clinical presantation	Diagnostic	Etiology	Treatment
Ahmad et al[17], 2013	2 d/m	Polyhydramnion, vomiting, abdominal distension, failure to pass meconium	US, X-ray	Meconium peritonitis	Surgery
Sahoo et al[14] 1996	6 yr/m	Abdominal pain, bilious vomiting	US, X-ray, BMFT	Idiopathic	Surgery
Mehta et al[15], 1994	7 yr/m	Colicky periumbilical pain, vomiting, constipation	US, X-ray	Idiopathic	Surgery
Bassiouny et al[16], 2011	7 yr/m	Crampy abdominal pain	X-ray, contrast enema	Idiopathic	Surgery
Sahoo et al[14], 1996	6 yr/m	Constipation, on-and-off vomiting	US, X-ray, BMFT	Idiopathic	Surgery
Tolstrup et al[35], 2017	8 yr/f	Signs of enteritis	CT	Idiopathic	Surgery
Sahoo et al[14], 1996	8 yr/f	Intermittent bilious vomiting, abdominal distension	BMFT	Idiopathic	Surgery
Sahoo et al[14], 1996	8 yr/m	Colicky abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation	X-ray	Idiopathic	Surgery
Kaushik et al[10], 2006	9 yr/m	Abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation	-	Abdominal tuberculosis	Surgery (with temp. enterostomy)
Okobia et al[37], 2001	10 yr/f	Abdominal pain, abdominal distension, weight loss	X-ray	Idiopathic	Surgery (with appendectomy)
Bassiouny et al[16], 2011	12 yr/f	Colicky abdominal pain, vomiting	US, X-ray	Idiopathic	Surgery
Okobia et al[37], 2001	12 yr/f	Colicky abdominal pain, abdominal distension	US, X-ray	Idiopathic	Surgery (with appendectomy)
Dehn et al[29], 1985	12 yr/f	Abdominal pain, bilious vomiting	US, X-ray	Idiopathic	Surgery
Kayastha et al[23], 2012	13 yr/f	Abdominal pain in tright iliac region, vomiting	US	Idiopathic	Surgery
Sreevathsa et al[33], 2013	13 yr/f	Colicky central abdominal pain	US, X-ray, BMFT	Idiopathic	Surgery (with ileocaecal resection)
Pillai et al[26], 2006	13 yr/f	Abdominal pain, vomiting	US, X-ray, CT	Idiopathic	Surgery
Chatura et al[40], 2012	14 yr/f	Colicky abdominal pain	US	Idiopathic	Surgery (with ileocolectomy)
Ibrahim et al[41], 2009	14 yr/m	Colicky abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation	X-ray	Idiopathic	Surgery (with appendectomy)
Calvo et al[42], 2015	14 yr/f	Colicky abdominal pain, bilious vomiting, weight loss	US, CT	Idiopathic	Surgery
Shah et al[43], 2013	14 yr/f	Colicky abdominal pain, vomiting	CT / BMFT	Idiopathic	Surgery
Sreevathsa et al[33], 2013	14 yr/f	Colicky central abdominal pain	US, X-ray, BMFT	Idiopathic	Surgery (with ileocaecal resection)
Kumar et al[44], 2012	14 yr/f	Colicky abdominal pain, vomiting	US, CT	Idiopathic	Conservatively
Yucel et al[53], 2011	15 yr/f	Abdominal pain	X-ray, CT	Idiopathic	Surgery
Raju[45], 2004	15 yr/f	Recurrent abdominal pain	X-ray, contrast study	Idiopathic	Surgery
Ndiaye et al[46], 2012	15 yr/f	Subocclusive obstruction, loss of weight (11kg)	CT	Idiopathic	Surgery
Choudhury et al[47], 2009	15 yr/f	Crampy abdominal pain right abdomen, weight loss	-	Idiopathic	Surgery (with partial ileocolic resection)
Mordehai et al[48], 2001	15 yr/f	Crampy abdominal pain	US, X-ray	Idiopathic	Surgery
Mohanty et al[49], 2009	15 yr/f	Colicky abdominal pain, vomiting	US, X-ray, CT	Idiopathic	Surgery
Kumar et al[36], 2009	16 yr/f	Abdominal pain in the left lower abdomen, vomiting	US, X-ray, CT	Idiopathic	Surgery
Jayant et al[50], 2011	16 yr/f	Small bowel obstruction	CT	Idiopathic	Surgery
Kaushik et al[10], 2006	17 yr/m	Abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation	-	Abdominal tuberculosis	Surgery (with temp. enterostomy)
Naniwadekar et al[51], 2014	17 yr/f	Abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation	US, X-ray, GI scopy	Idiopathic	Surgery
Kaur et al[52], 2012	17 yr/f	Recurrent abdominal pain	US, X-ray, CT	Idiopathic	Surgery

BMFT: Barium meal follow-through; CT: Computer tomography; f: Female; GI: Gastrointestinal; m: Male; US: Ultrasound.