Editorial
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 28, 2021; 27(28): 4484-4492
Published online Jul 28, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i28.4484
Table 1 Reports of pretest small intestinal mucosal breaks in normal volunteers
CountryYearNo.Subjects with mucosal breaks
Mean number of mucosal breaks
Ref.



Number
%
Subjects with MB
All subjects

United States200541357113.81N/AN/AGoldstein et al[10], 2005
United States20074725611.9N/AN/AGoldstein et al[11], 2007
Japan20093239.41.70.16Fujimori et al[12], 2009
Canada2009200000Smecuol et al[13], 2009
Japan201020210.01-20.1-0.2Shiotani et al[14], 2010
Japan20117245.61.00.56Fujimori et al[4], 2011
Japan201332N/AN/AN/A0.1-0.3Kuramoto et al[15], 2013
China20143026.73.50.23Huang et al[16], 2014
Japan201430N/AN/AN/A0.14 ± 0.54Umegaki et al[17], 2014
Japan2016141149.93.50.35Fujimori et al[5], 2016
Japan201537N/AN/AN/A0.1-0.3Kojima et al[18], 2015
Czech20164224.7N/AN/ATachecí et al[19], 2016
Japan201619210.51.00.11Arimoto et al[20], 2016
Japan201645N/AN/AN/A0.13Ota et al[21], 2016
Japan2019240000Ota et al[22], 2019
Table 2 Basic background of the two examinations whose background was examined in detail
Ref.
Number
Sex (M/F)
Age (mean ± SD)
Mean mucosal break
Fujimori et al[4], 20117777/038.2 ± 8.10.12 ± 0.32
Fujimori et al[5], 201614571/7448.6 ± 6.40.30 ± 1.47
Total222148/7445.0 ± 8.60.24 ± 1.21
Table 3 Analysis of mucosal breaks and background factors
Valuable
Mucosal break + (n = 21)
Mucosal break – (n = 201)
P value1
P value2
SexMale/female: 19/2Male/female: 129/720.0150.13
Age44.0 ± 6.745.2 ± 8.80.54
BMI24.7 ± 3.622.5 ± 3.00.0220.0074
Smoking5 (23.8%)56 (27.9%)0.69
Drinking14 (66.7%)140 (70.0%)0.78
Helicobacter pylori8 (38.1%)13 (6.4%)0.0540.035
Table 4 Disease and/or cause of small intestinal ulcer with multiple reports
Category
Disease and/or cause
Ref.
Inflammatory diseaseCrohn’s diseaseGomollón et al[3], 2017
Behçet's diseaseLee et al[23], 2012
polyarteritis nodosaPerlemuter et al[24], 1996
Schönlein-Henoch purpuraNishiyama et al[25], 2008
Vascular diseaseIschemic enteritisIwai et al[26], 2018
Systemic diseaseAmyloidosisTada et al[27], 1994
Heridetary diseaseChronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 geneUmeno et al[28], 2015
Bacterial infectionYersinia enterocoliticaMatsumoto et al[29], 1990
Campylobacter jejuniDuffy et al[30], 1980
Salmonella typhiGoel et al[31], 2017
Salmonella typhmuriumBoyd[32], 1985
Salmonella enteritidisDworkin et al[33], 2001
Mycobacterium tuberculosisLu et al[34], 2020
Viral infectionEpstein-Barr virusWatanabe et al[35], 2020
CytomegalovirusMatsumura et al[36], 2020
COVID-19Sahu et al[37], 2021
Drug inducedVarious drugs included NSAIDsScarpignato and Bjarnason[38], 2019
ImmunodeficiencyAcquired immunodeficiency syndromeZeitz et al[39], 1998
Graft-versus-host diseasePeled et al[40], 2016