Interplay between nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and inflammatory mediators in COVID-19-related liver injury

Table 1 Characteristics of liver injury during coronavirus disease

Ref.	Total number of patients	Proportion of liver injury, (%)	Proportions of pre-existing liver diseases, n (%)	Others
Guan et al[87]	1099	Elevated AST 168/757 (22.2); Elevated ALT 158/741 (21.3); Elevated TB 76/722 (10.5)	23 (2.1)
Lian et al[56]	465	61 (13.1)	19 (4.1)	Liver injury was the most common complication among these patients
Chen et al[88]	503	301 (69.8)	NA	Liver damage is an independent prognostic factor of COVID-19
Jin et al[55]	651	64 (9.8)	25 (3.8)
Xie et al[89]	79	Elevated ALT (31.6); Elevated AST (35.4); Elevated TB (5.1)	NA	COVID-19 with liver injury in non-ICU hospitalized patients was common
Wang et al[90]	293	19 (6.5)	12 (4.1)	Compared with the survival group, the non-survival group was more prone to complications of acute liver injury
Chen et al[91]	274	Elevated AST 84 (31)	11 (4)	The frequency of liver injury in the deceased patients was significantly higher than that in the recovered patients
Yu et al[54]	1633	Elevated ALT 298/1445 (20.6); Elevated AST 303/1445 (21.0)	38 (2.3)	Severe patients are more likely to have liver injury than mild patients

ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ICU: Intensive care unit; NA: Not applicable; TB: Total bilirubin.

Table 2 Classification of the severity of liver injury in terms of the adverse outcome of coronavirus disease

Ref.	Date	Cohort	The severity of liver injury			How the ULN was defined
			Normal/mild (< 2 times ULN)	moderate (2-5 times ULN)	Severe (> 5 times ULN)
Phipps et al[129]	March 8, 2020-April 14, 2020	2273	1784 (78.5)	344 (15.1)	145 (6.4)	ALT = 50 U/L
Mendizabal et al[130]	April 15, 2020-July 31, 2020	1611	322 (84.7)	185 (11.5)	61 (3.8)	ALT (the reference value of different institutions)
Hundt et al[131]	March 14, 2020-April, 2020	1753	1123 (64.1)	408 (23.3)	222 (12.7)	ALT = 34 U / L
Yip et al[132]	January 23, 2020-May 1, 2020	816	635 (77.8)	141 (17.3)	40 (4.9)	ALT = 40 U / L

Data are expressed as n (%). ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ULN: Upper limit of normal.