Copyright
©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastroenterol. Jan 7, 2021; 27(1): 107-128
Published online Jan 7, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i1.107
Published online Jan 7, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i1.107
Table 1 Demographic data of study subjects
Table 2 Changes of body weight, height, and body mass index
Group | Baseline period | Ingestion period | P value | |
Weight | Probiotic-treated | 84.54 ± 17.62 | 83.14 ± 14.71 | 0.042a |
Placebo | 79.37 ± 11.76 | 78.80 ± 11.77 | 0.121 | |
Height | Probiotic-treated | 159.66 ± 8.27 | 159.66 ± 8.27 | 1.002 |
Placebo | 157.92 ± 9.58 | 157.92 ± 9.58 | 1.002 | |
BMI | Probiotic-treated | 33.10 ± 6.15 | 32.57 ± 5.01 | 0.042a |
Placebo | 31.80 ± 3.71 | 31.56 ± 3.67 | 0.181 |
Table 3 Different changes of body weight, height, and body mass index in female and male subjects
Gender | Group | Baseline period | Ingestion period | P value | |
Women | Weight | Probiotic-treated | 77.91 ± 14.16 | 77.08 ± 13.68 | 0.011a |
Placebo | 73.20 ± 9.93 | 72.69 ± 9.93 | 0.331 | ||
Height | Probiotic-treated | 153.82 ± 4.05 | 153.82 ± 4.05 | 1.002 | |
Placebo | 151.42 ± 5.92 | 151.42 ± 5.92 | 1.002 | ||
BMI | Probiotic-treated | 32.90 ± 5.73 | 32.58 ± 5.58 | 0.021a | |
Placebo | 31.96 ± 4.25 | 31.72 ± 4.14 | 0.311 | ||
Men | Weight | Probiotic-treated | 94.48 ± 18.11 | 92.22 ± 11.45 | 0.381 |
Placebo | 88.63 ± 7.51 | 87.97 ± 7.77 | 0.161 | ||
Height | Probiotic-treated | 168.42 ± 3.92 | 168.42 ± 3.92 | 1.002 | |
Placebo | 167.67 ± 3.87 | 167.67 ± 3.87 | 1.002 | ||
BMI | Probiotic-treated | 33.39 ± 6.98 | 32.54 ± 4.25 | 0.371 | |
Placebo | 31.56 ± 2.87 | 31.32 ± 2.96 | 0.151 |
Table 4 Lipid profile
Lipid profile | Group | Baseline period | Ingestion period | P value |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | Probiotic-treated | 194.93 ± 37.64 | 192.20 ± 36.55 | 0.462 |
Placebo | 193.70 ± 29.47 | 192.37 ± 29.75 | 0.412 | |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | Probiotic-treated | 151.50 ± 63.92 | 166.83 ± 75.02 | 0.162 |
Placebo | 191.40 ± 133.60 | 187.73 ± 111.58 | 0.542 | |
HDL (mg/dL) | Probiotic-treated | 40.33 ± 9.77 | 40.00 ± 9.28 | 0.691 |
Placebo | 39.93 ± 7.29 | 40.60 ± 8.18 | 0.391 | |
LDL (mg/dL) | Probiotic-treated | 141.43 ± 32.17 | 136.97 ± 33.12 | 0.182 |
Placebo | 134.50 ± 24.84 | 133.50 ± 27.06 | 0.711 | |
Ratio of LDL/HDL | Probiotic-treated | 3.63 ± 0.95 | 3.55 ± 0.87 | 0.381 |
Placebo | 3.44 ± 0.70 | 3.39 ± 0.84 | 0.611 |
Table 5 Fecal characteristic (volume, type, color, odor, pH) and defecation frequency
Group | Baseline period | Ingestion period | P value | |
Volume | Probiotic-treated | 2.20 ± 0.79 | 2.23 ± 0.96 | 0.861 |
Placebo | 2.37 ± 0.95 | 2.29 ± 0.90 | 0.232 | |
Type | Probiotic-treated | 3.59 ± 0.93 | 3.22 ± 1.17 | 0.081 |
Placebo | 4.02 ± 1.14 | 3.89 ± 0.93 | 0.342 | |
Color | Probiotic-treated | 1.86 ± 0.57 | 1.73 ± 0.55 | 0.201 |
Placebo | 2.00 ± 0.59 | 1.95 ± 0.54 | 0.701 | |
Odor | Probiotic-treated | 1.11 ± 0.37 | 1.10 ± 0.28 | 0.932 |
Placebo | 1.26 ± 0.35 | 1.32 ± 0.41 | 0.572 | |
pH | Probiotic-treated | 5.72 ± 0.31 | 5.76 ± 0.28 | 0.513 |
Placebo | 5.58 ± 0.40 | 5.75 ± 0.34 | 0.073 | |
Defecation frequency4 | Probiotic-treated | 12.93 ± 3.61 | 13.40 ± 4.52 | 0.582 |
Placebo | 14.67 ± 4.93 | 15.70 ± 7.57 | 0.512 |
Table 6 Short-chain fatty acid (acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyrate acid) of feces
Group | Baseline period | Ingestion period | P valuea | |
Acetic acid (mmol/kg) | Probiotic-treated | 63.19 ± 34.97 | 64.76 ± 17.61 | 0.89 |
Placebo | 67.09 ± 19.56 | 63.76 ± 13.05 | 0.65 | |
Propionic acid (mmol/kg) | Probiotic-treated | 22.02 ± 14.17 | 20.65 ± 9.76 | 0.67 |
Placebo | 21.98 ± 10.44 | 17.16 ± 2.04 | 0.17 | |
Butyrate acid (mmol/kg) | Probiotic-treated | 14.78 ± 6.68 | 14.97 ± 7.24 | 0.95 |
Placebo | 19.45 ± 8.60 | 15.59 ± 9.40a | 0.33 |
Table 7 Diet profile of subjects
Group | Baseline period | Ingestion day 11-20 | Ingestion day 21-30 | Ingestion day 31-40 | Ingestion day 41-60 | Ingestion day 61-80 | Ingestion day 81-100 | |
Energy (kcal) | Probiotic-treated | 1518.17 ± 484.46 | 1322.04 ± 431.90 | 1338.23 ± 376.17 | 1274.13 ± 390.37 | 1124.89 ± 378.82a | 1060.65 ± 286.86a | 1103.54 ± 311.74a |
Placebo | 1642.88 ± 599.33 | 1660.02 ± 611.62 | 1562.79 ± 1144.53 | 1396.65 ± 476.01a | 1085.16 ± 346.08a | 1047.90 ± 313.37a | 1105.73 ± 313.58a | |
Water (g) | Probiotic-treated | 744.06 ± 526.92 | 633.17 ± 397.27 | 593.60 ± 377.72 | 691.70 ± 470.44 | 720.66 ± 551.62 | 656.24 ± 419.94 | 712.81 ± 438.11 |
Placebo | 1122.19 ± 615.82 | 1016.66 ± 665.44 | 1041.80 ± 568.23 | 1100.16 ± 601.35 | 688.97 ± 533.39a | 813.86 ± 565.46 | 841.27 ± 595.64 | |
Protein (g) | Probiotic-treated | 52.72 ± 19.49 | 44.69 ± 16.73 | 46.23 ± 14.61 | 46.81 ± 12.61 | 38.49 ± 14.10a | 38.30 ± 10.23a | 39.62 ± 11.30a |
Placebo | 53.92 ± 24.02 | 55.03 ± 25.52 | 47.12 ± 33.52 | 47.02 ± 18.70 | 38.38 ± 12.95a | 35.67 ± 10.98a | 39.09 ± 9.72a | |
Lipid (g) | Probiotic-treated | 61.41 ± 30.24 | 47.15 ± 26.32 | 47.60 ± 21.41 | 49.86 ± 19.25 | 40.78±15.24a | 39.63 ± 12.02a | 40.78 ± 12.99a |
Placebo | 64.15 ± 34.36 | 63.17 ± 38.78 | 54.22 ± 36.98 | 52.15 ± 25.09a | 36.99 ± 13.85a | 36.88 ± 12.74a | 37.68 ± 9.70a | |
Carbo-hydrate (g) | Probiotic-treated | 190.85 ± 68.00 | 179.93 ± 57.44 | 180.95 ± 65.23 | 160.50 ± 59.23 | 150.80 ± 56.88 | 137.97 ± 43.53a | 144.63 ± 46.33a |
Placebo | 216.39 ± 88.21 | 221.71 ± 83.07 | 224.10 ± 190.74 | 186.27 ± 71.98 | 149.82 ± 48.91a | 144.70 ± 49.45a | 153.74 ± 60.37a | |
Fiber (g) | Probiotic-treated | 10.96 ± 5.88 | 8.66 ± 3.04 | 8.71 ± 2.91 | 8.49 ± 2.63 | 7.08 ± 2.16a | 6.24 ± 2.01a | 6.61 ± 2.48a |
Placebo | 12.17 ± 7.15 | 13.34 ± 9.00 | 11.90 ± 8.61 | 10.20 ± 4.67 | 6.96 ± 2.99a | 7.17 ± 2.30a | 7.45 ± 2.30a | |
PUFA (g) | Probiotic-treated | 16.87 ± 13.02 | 12.80 ± 7.73 | 12.17 ± 5.87 | 13.03 ± 7.64 | 12.17 ± 7.36 | 10.91 ± 4.50 | 10.86 ± 4.31 |
Placebo | 18.20 ± 13.73 | 18.49 ± 15.71 | 15.70 ± 13.47 | 16.29 ± 13.52 | 10.50 ± 5.94a | 10.03 ± 4.70a | 9.73 ± 3.1a | |
Choles-terol (mg) | Probiotic-treated | 191.39 ± 163.58 | 163.28 ± 83.55 | 168.44 ± 92.31 | 182.29 ± 68.95 | 160.32 ± 84.56 | 172.70 ± 77.78 | 179.23 ± 57.13 |
Placebo | 170.42 ± 154.32 | 168.91 ± 169.50 | 142.45 ± 159.96 | 164.19 ± 124.86 | 173.22 ± 86.80 | 165.31 ± 85.03 | 182.64 ± 81.91 |
Table 8 Gut microbiota composition based on genus
Phylum | Genus | Probiotic-treated | Placebo | ||||
Baseline, mean (%) ± SD | Ingestion, mean (%) ± SD | P value | Baseline, mean (%) ± SD | Ingestion, mean (%) ± SD | P value | ||
Firmicutes | Faecalibacterium | 11.43 ± 5.03 | 10.94 ± 4.21 | 0.614 | 15.30 ± 7.07 | 11.82 ± 5.50 | 0.01a |
Coprococcus | 7.53 ± 3.55 | 6.23 ± 1.85 | 0.037a | 7.34 ± 3.71 | 5.82 ± 2.67 | 0.116 | |
Other | 7.63 ± 5.05 | 8.22 ± 4.15 | 0.491 | 6.03 ± 4.13 | 8.40 ± 4.56 | 0.012a | |
Ruminococcus | 4.49 ± 4.06 | 3.69 ± 2.90 | 0.271 | 3.80 ± 3.84 | 3.70 ± 4.79 | 0.572 | |
Roseburia | 1.36 ± 1.31 | 1.54 ± 1.10 | 0.072b | 1.49 ± 1.55 | 2.04 ± 1.28 | 0.037a | |
Clostridium | 0.16 ± 0.22 | 0.16 ± 0.27 | 0.829 | 0.25 ± 0.53 | 0.35 ± 0.49 | 0.202 | |
Paenibacillus | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.03 ± 0.06 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.002a | |
Bacteroidetes | Prevotella | 14.56 ± 11.57 | 19.25 ± 13.03 | 0.066b | 14.15 ± 13.69 | 14.28 ± 14.13 | 0.75 |
Bacteroides | 3.78 ± 5.43 | 5.57 ± 8.21 | 0.019a | 5.59 ± 9.97 | 10.30 ± 13.83 | 0.04a | |
Actino-bacteria | Bifidobacterium | 3.38 ± 4.96 | 2.74 ± 4.01 | 0.6 | 3.07 ± 3.95 | 2.71 ± 2.91 | 0.957 |
Collinsella | 2.02 ± 1.40 | 1.52 ± 0.94 | 0.069b | 2.00 ± 1.80 | 1.51 ± 0.98 | 0.271 | |
Brevibacterium | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.307 | 0.03 ± 0.07 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.082b | |
Proteo-bacteria | Succinivibrio | 2.19 ± 4.51 | 1.44 ± 3.37 | 0.548 | 2.06 ± 5.29 | 2.51 ± 6.89 | 0.534 |
Phyllobacterium | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.037a | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.167 | |
Sphingomonas | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.75 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.833 | |
Verrucomicrobia | Akkermansia | 0.13 ± 0.56 | 0.04 ± 0.18 | 0.028a | 0.35 ± 1.64 | 0.02 ± 0.07 | 0.024a |
Table 9 Composition of gut microbiota (based on the most abundant in phylum population) in the probiotic-treated and placebo groups before and after ingestion period
No. | Phylum | Group | Baseline period | Ingestion period | P valuea |
1 | Firmicutes | Probiotic-treated | 69.90 ± 15.95 | 64.13 ± 15.22 | 0.037a |
Placebo | 70.66 ± 14.41 | 65.30 ± 14.52 | 0.153 | ||
2 | Bacteroidetes | Probiotic-treated | 20.63 ± 11.49 | 28.27 ± 14.26 | 0.008a |
Placebo | 21.30 ± 12.72 | 26.71 ± 13.93 | 0.045a | ||
3 | Actinobacteria | Probiotic-treated | 6.11 ± 5.37 | 5.07 ± 5.48 | 0.237 |
Placebo | 5.55 ± 4.90 | 4.63 ± 3.61 | 0.453 | ||
4 | Proteobacteria | Probiotic-treated | 2.87 ± 6.39 | 2.04 ± 6.05 | 0.491 |
Placebo | 1.84 ± 4.32 | 1.69 ± 3.77 | 0.572 | ||
5 | Fusobacteria | Probiotic-treated | 0.23 ± 0.57 | 0.34 ± 0.86 | 0.701 |
Placebo | 0.20 ± 0.94 | 1.58 ± 6.57 | 0.044a | ||
6 | Verrucomicrobia | Probiotic-treated | 0.13 ± 0.57 | 0.04 ± 1.66 | 0.028a |
Placebo | 0.35 ± 0.19 | 0.02 ± 0.07 | 0.024a | ||
7 | Cyanobacteria | Probiotic-treated | 0.09 ± 0.29 | 0.07 ± 0.21 | 0.537 |
Placebo | 0.06 ± 0.24 | 0.04 ± 0.10 | 0.427 | ||
8 | Lentisphaerae | Probiotic-treated | 0.02 ± 0.05 | 0.01 ± 0.08 | 0.681 |
Placebo | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.11 | 0.334 | ||
9 | Elusimicrobia | Probiotic-treated | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.03 | 0.655 |
Placebo | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.317 | ||
10 | Synergistetes | Probiotic-treated | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.655 |
Placebo | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.273 |
- Citation: Rahayu ES, Mariyatun M, Putri Manurung NE, Hasan PN, Therdtatha P, Mishima R, Komalasari H, Mahfuzah NA, Pamungkaningtyas FH, Yoga WK, Nurfiana DA, Liwan SY, Juffrie M, Nugroho AE, Utami T. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Dad-13 powder consumption on the gut microbiota and intestinal health of overweight adults. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27(1): 107-128
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v27/i1/107.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i1.107