Yang et al[30], 2019 | China | IBS-D (Rome III) | 43/30 | 44/29 | E: 43.93 ± 13.58 C: 45.00 ± 16.67 | E: 3.74 ± 5.02 C: 4.12 ± 4.94 | 4 | AP | Placebo | a, f, h | N/A | N/A |
He et al[31], 2019 | China | IBS-D (Rome IV) | 13/12 | 14/11 | E: 47.88 ± 15.16 C: 48.56 ± 17.4 | N/A | 4 | AP | Probiotics | a, f, j | N/A | N/A |
Li[32], 2019 | China | IBS-D (Rome IV) | 15/14 | 15/13 | E: 45.30 ± 11.52 C: 48.33 ± 12.13 mo | E: 10.98 ± 5.12 C: 10.79 ± 5.04 mo | 4 | AP + MB | RPs | a, d, h, i | N/A | N/A |
Wang et al[33], 2019 | China | IBS (Rome IV) | 25/31 | 23/32 | E: 46.00 ± 2.50 C: 46.80 ± 2.70 | E: 3.20 ± 1.40 C: 3.12 ± 1.38 | 4 | AP + MB | RPs | a, h, j | N/A | N/A |
Zhang et al[34], 2019 | China | IBS (Rome III) | 23/21 | 25/19 | E: 47.23 ± 2.18 C: 47.66 ± 2.12 | E: 5.22 ± 0.11 C: 5.26 ± 0.16 | 8 | Probiotics | placebo | a, j | N/A | N/A |
Peng et al[35], 2019 | China | IBS-D (Rome IV) | 14/16 | 16/14 | E: 46.85 ± 14.45 C: 45.43 ± 13.58 | E: 3.65 ± 1.15 C: 3.84 ± 1.32 | 4 | BFT | Probiotics | a, d, f | N/A | N/A |
Kou et al[36], 2018 | China | IBS-D (Rome III) | 16/29 | 18/27 | E: 38.24 ± 6.58 C: 38.37 ± 6.60 | N/A | 4 | Probiotics + RPs | RPs | a, b, e | N/A | E: 1 C: 2 |
Sun[37], 2018 | China | IBS-D (Rome III) | 63/42 | 53/42 | E: 43.00 ± 12.45 C: 44.91 ± 13.01 | N/A | 4 | Probiotics | placebo | b, d, f, k, | N/A | E: 6 C: 2 |
Qin et al[38], 2018 | China | IBS (Rome III) | 45/47 | 45/48 | E: 42.8 ± 8.7 C: 44.2 ± 8.8 | E: 4.5 ± 1.1 C: 4.5 ± 1.2 | 4 | Probiotics + RPs | RPs | a, g, n | N/A | E: 0 C: 0 |
Zhang et al[39], 2018 | China | IBS (Rome II) | 15/28 | 17/26 | E: 42.16 ± 7.24 C: 43.68 ± 9.09 | N/A | 4 | CBT | RPs | d, o | N/A | N/A |
Chen et al[40], 2017 | China | IBS-D (Rome III) | 31/13 | 30/14 | E: 46.52 ± 3.75 C: 46.13 ± 3.82 | N/A | 4 | Probiotics + RPs | RPs | a, g, j | N/A | N/A |
Wang et al[41], 2017 | China | IBS-D (Rome III) | 17/21 | 16/22 | E: 46.5 ± 2.3 C: 46.3 ± 2.2 | E: 3.3 ± 0.8 C: 3.2 ± 0.7 | 4 | Probiotics + RPs | RPs | a, b | N/A | E: 3 C: 1 |
Hod et al[42], 2017 | United States | IBS-D (Rome III) | 54 | 53 | E: 29.0 C: 30.0 | N/A | 4 | Probiotics | Placebo | a, b, e | N/A | E: 0 C: 0 |
Joo et al[43], 2017 | Korea | IBS (Rome III) | 9/17 | 5/19 | E: 32.5 C: 33.0 | N/A | 4 | Probiotics | Placebo | a, b, p | N/A | E: 0 C: 0 |
Liu et al[44], 2017 | China | IBS-C (Rome III) | 17/23 | 17/23 | 43.86 ± 10.29 | 2.93 ± 1.06 | 8 | Probiotics + RPs | RPs | a, b, e, g | N/A | E: 0 C: 0 |
Huang[45], 2017 | China | IBS-C (Rome III) | 16/23 | 15/25 | E: 44.23 ± 11.92 C: 41.54 ± 12.24 | E: 4.11 ± 1.94 C: 3.54 ± 2.19 | 4 | BFT | RPs | a, e, u | N/A | N/A |
Cheng et al[46], 2017 | China | IBS-D (Rome III) | 19/22 | 18/21 | E: 36.27 ± 2.78 C: 41.69 ± 12.63 | N/A | 8 | CBT | RPs | d, f, o | N/A | N/A |
Kang et al[47], 2016 | China | IBS-D (Rome III) | 17/23 | 16/24 | E: 44.5 ± 6.4 C: 42.5 ± 7.2 | N/A | 4 | Probiotic + RPs | RPs | a, i, j | N/A | N/A |
Robin et al[48], 2016 | France | IBS (Rome III) | 31/161 | 31/156 | E: 45.3 ± 15.7 C: 45.4 ± 14.1 | N/A | 12 | Probiotics | Placebo | a, b, e, m | N/A | E: 10 C: 0 |
Zhang et al[49], 2016 | China | IBS (Rome III) | 12/18 | 14/16 | E: 40.7 ± 11.4 C: 36.3 ± 14.1 | E: 3.58 ± 2.04 C: 3.88 ± 2.36 | 4 | Probiotics | RPs | a | N/A | E: 0 C: 2 |
Han et al[50], 2016 | Korea | IBS (Rome III) | 13/10 | 11/12 | E: 45.7 ± 9.55 C: 42.5 ± 10.07 | N/A | 4 | Probiotics | Placebo | a, k, l, p | N/A | N/A |
Jia et al[51], 2016 | China | IBS (Rome III) | 16/14 | 22/10 | E: 40.08 ± 13.23 C: 41.31 ± 11.82 | N/A | 8 | CBT | RPs | f, o | N/A | N/A |
Choi et al[52], 2015 | South Korea | IBS (Rome III) | a: 20/34 b: 35/25 C: 35/23 d: 25/31 | 26/31 | E: a: 44.8 ± 13.4 b: 48.9 ± 14.2 C: 46.2 ± 13.8 d: 45.9 ± 12.8 C: 48.5 ± 13.2 | N/A | 6 | Probiotics + RPs | Placebo | a, b, m | N/A | E: 4/8/8/8 C: 6 |
Jia et al[53], 2015 | China | IBS (Rome III) | N/A | N/A | E: 44.74 ± 11.98 C: 40.85 ± 13.87 | N/A | 8 | CBT | RPs | d, o | N/A | N/A |
Shi et al[54], 2015 | China | IBS-D (Rome III) | 28/32 | 25/35 | E: 40.2 ± 10.8 C: 38.5 ± 9.1 | E: 8.6 ± 3.8 C: 7.3 ± 2.1 | 4 | AP | RPs | a | N/A | N/A |
Li[55], 2015 | China | IBS-D (Rome III) | N/A | N/A | E: 46 C: 46 | E: 4.2 C: 4.2 | 4 | AP | RPs + Probiotics | a, e, g | N/A | N/A |
Ye et al[56], 2015 | China | IBS (Rome III) | N/A | N/A | 43.59 ± 12.17 | 2.42 ± 1.27 | 4 | BFT + Probiotics | Probiotics | o, r, v | N/A | N/A |
Zheng[57], 2014 | China | IBS-D (Rome III) | 49/40 49/36 40/42 | 52/34 | E: 38.75 ± 18.32 42.66 ± 16.75 42.51 ± 16.78 C: 42.29 ± 18.30 | E: 72.91 ± 76.70 78.83 ± 99.19 77.51 ± 84.56 C: 87.67 ± 90.28 d | 4 | AP | RPs | b, k, l, o, q, s | N/A | E: 3 C: 0 |
Zhu et al[58], 2014 | China | IBS-D (Rome III) | 9/6 | 7/6 | E: 47.470 ± 0.896 C: 40.920 ± 10.136 | E: 3.0 C: 3.5 | 4 | MB | Placebo | d, t, u | N/A | N/A |
Kong[59], 2014 | China | IBS-D (Rome III) | 14/16 | 9/21 | E: 40 ± 9 C: 38 ± 11 | E: 5.87 ± 6.52 C: 6.21 ± 6.33 | 4 | AP+MB | RPs | a, d, e | N/A | N/A |
He et al[60], 2014 | China | IBS-D (Rome III) | N/A | N/A | 37.3 ± 10.4 | 3.7 ± 2.1 | 4 | BFT + RPs | RPs | a, g, i, n, v | N/A | N/A |
Cheryl et al[61], 2014 | South Africa | IBS (Rome III) | 2/52 | 0/27 | E: 48.15 ± 13.48 C: 47.27 ± 12.15 | E: 9.58 ± 10.32 C: 10.05 ± 9.36 | 6 | Probiotics | Placebo | b, d | N/A | E: 1 C: 0 |
Lesley et al[62], 2013 | Britain | IBS (Rome III) | 15/73 | 15/76 | E: 44.66 ± 11.98 C: 43.71 ± 12.76 | N/A | 4 | Probiotics | Placebo | a, d, e, f, m | N/A | N/A |
Ge[63], 2013 | China | IBS (Rome III) | 34/26 | 32/28 | E: 38.9 ± 11.2 C: 39.1 ± 10.3 | E: 6.5 C: 6.4 | 4 | AP | RPs | a, c | E: 6/52 C: 12/43 | N/A |
Pei et al[64], 2012 | China | IBS-D (Rome III) | 13/17 | 10/20 | E: 39.10 ± 11.80 C: 37.93 ± 11.45 | E: 4.33 ± 3.93 C: 5.23 ± 7.35 | 4 | AP | RPs | a | N/A | N/A |
Kruis et al[65], 2012 | Germany | IBS (Rome II) | 12/48 | 16/44 | E: 46.3 ± 12.1 C: 45.1 ± 12.7 | E: 12.3 ± 11.5 C: 11.7 ± 12.0 | 12 | Probiotics | Placebo | a, b | N/A | E: 0 C: 1 |
Sun et al[66], 2011 | China | IBS-D (Rome III) | 13/18 | 20/12 | E: 38.81 ± 11.80 C: 38.59 ± 11.45 | E: 4.23 ± 3.96 C: 5.63 ± 7.35 | 4 | AP | RPs | a, b, d, e | NA | E: 0 C: 0 |
Zeng et al[67], 2011 | China | IBS-D (Rome III) | 39/30 | 41/28 | E: 38.5 ± 8.4 C: 37.9 ± 9.6 | E: 3.7 ± 1.8 C: 3.5 ± 2.1 | 8 | Probiotics + RPs | RPs | a, b, r | N/A | E: 14 C: 12 |
Zhao et al[68], 2011 | China | IBS (Rome III) | N/A | N/A | 38.6 ± 11.2 | UN | 4 | BFT | RPs | o, r, v | N/A | N/A |
Wang et al[69], 2008 | China | IBS-D (Rome II) | N/A | N/A | E: 42.8 ± 12.4 C: 43.7 ± 11.7 | E: 3.41 ± 1.02 C: 3.23 ± 1.31 | 4 | AP | RPs | a | N/A | N/A |