Zinc deficiency in patients with chronic pancreatitis

Table 1 Factors associated with low zinc levels in patients with chronic pancreatitis (n = 150)

	Total, n	Zinc		Univariable analysis
		≥ 11 µmol/L, n	< 11 µmol/L, n (%)	OR (95%CI)	P value
All patients	150	111	39 (26.0)
Age
0-39	43	38	5 (11.6)	1.00
40-49	18	13	5 (27.8)	2.92 (0.73-11.7)	0.13
50-59	34	27	7 (20.6)	1.97 (0.57-6.87)	0.29
60-69	24	16	8 (33.3)	3.80 (1.08-13.4)	0.04
70+	31	17	14 (45.2)	6.26 (1.94-20.2)	0.002
Gender
Female	86	64	22 (25.6)	1.00
Male	64	47	17 (26.6)	0.95 (0.46-1.99)	0.89
Body mass index
Underweight	12	9	3 (25.0)	0.74 (0.18-2.96)	0.67
Normal weight	77	53	24 (31.2)	1.00
Overweight	38	30	8 (21.1)	0.59 (0.24-1.47)	0.26
Obese	20	16	4 (20.0)	0.55 (0.17-1.83)	0.33
Etiology
Alcohol	40	27	13 (32.5)	1.00
Autoimmune	45	32	13 (28.9)	0.84 (0.34-2.13)	0.72
Efferent duct factors	11	8	3 (27.3)	0.78 (0.18-3.43)	0.74
Smoking	15	11	7 (38.9)	1.32 (0.42-4.20)	0.64
Hereditary	18	14	1 (6.7)	0.15 (0.02-1.25)	0.08
Idiopathic	21	19	2 (9.5)	0.22 (0.04-1.08)	0.06
Diabetes
No	108	82	26 (24.1)	1.00
Yes	42	29	13 (31.0)	1.41 (0.64-3.11)	0.39
Diabetes treatment
No diabetes	108	82	26 (24.1)	1.00
Diet	3	3	0 (0.0)	-	0.99
Per oral	7	5	2 (28.6)	1.26 (0.23-6.89)	0.79
Insulin	32	21	11 (34.4)	1.65 (0.70-3.88)	0.25
HbA1c
Normal	9	7	2 (22.2)	1.00
Elevated	30	21	9 (30.0)	1.50 (0.23-6.02)	0.65
Bone mineral density
Normal	41	30	11 (26.8)	1.00
Osteopenia	14	10	4 (28.6)	1.09 (0.28-4.21)	0.90
Osteoporosis	5	2	3 (60.0)	4.09 (0.60-27.8)	0.15
Smoking
Never	76	62	14 (18.4)	1.00
Former	25	19	6 (24.0)	1.40 (0.47-4.14)	0.54
Current	48	29	19 (39.6)	2.90 (1.28-6.58)	0.01
Smoking pack-years
Never	76	62	14 (18.4)	1.00
1-19 pack-years	21	16	5 (23.8)	1.38 (0.43-4.41)	0.58
≥ 20 pack-years	51	31	20 (39.2)	2.86 (1.27-6.41)	0.01
Alcohol
No	105	81	24 (22.9)	1.00
< 30g	13	8	5 (38.5)	2.11 (0.63-7.05)	0.23
≥ 30g	31	21	10 (32.3)	1.61 (0.67-3.88)	0.29
Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency
No	60	46	14 (23.3)	1.00
Mild/moderate	14	11	3 (21.4)	0.90 (0.22-3.67)	0.88
Severe	66	45	21 (31.8)	1.53 (0.70-3.38)	0.29

OR and 95%CI obtained from univariable logistic regression model; OR: Odds ratios; CI: Confidence intervals; HbA1c: Levels of glycated hemoglobin.

Table 2 Multivariable analysis of risk factors for low zinc levels in chronic pancreatitis (n = 150)

	Multivariable analysis
	OR (95%CI)	P value
Age
0-39	1.00
40-49	2.82 (0.68-11.7)	0.15
50-59	1.30 (0.34-4.91)	0.70
60-69	2.64 (0.69-10.1)	0.16
70+	6.30 (1.87-21.3)	0.003
Smoking
Never	1.00
Former	0.99 (031-3.17)	0.98
Current	3.14 (1.23-8.02)	0.02

OR and 95%CI obtained from multivariable logistic regression model; OR: Odds ratios; CI: Confidence intervals.