Fatigue is not associated with vitamin D deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease patients

Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical data n (%)

	UC (n = 178)	CD (n = 227)	P value
Age median, years (range)	40 (18-76)	40 (18-77)	0.92
Gender
Female	87 (48)	112 (49)	0.77
Disease duration median, years (range)	6 (0-46)	11 (0-50)	< 0.01
Total fatigue, median (range)	16 (3-30)	15 (0-33)	0.55
Chronic fatigue	52 (29)	65 (28)	0.93
25-OH-D concentration nmol/L
< 50	78 (44)	125 (55)	0.07
50-75	76 (43)	68 (30)	< 0.01
> 75	24 (13)	34 (15)	0.61
HADS-D ≥ 8	25 (14)	32 (14)	0.99
Sleep disturbance	44 (25)	36 (16)	0.03
Disease activity
SCCAI ≥ 5	53 (29)
HBI ≥ 5		103 (46)
Fecal calprotectin ≥ 100 mg/kg (missing n = 82)	61 (34)	86 (38)
CRP ≥ 5 mg/L (missing n = 10)	50 (28)	76 (33)
UC extent, Montreal classification
E1 - Proctitis	19 (11)
E2 - Left-sided colitis	58 (32)
E3 - Extensive colitis	101 (56)
CD localization, Montreal classification
L1 - Terminal ileum		74 (32)
L2 - Colon		48 (21)
L3 - Ileocolon		75 (33)
L4 - Upper GI		31 (14)
Current use of medication
Biologics	52 (29)	113 (50)	< 0.01
5-ASA	137 (77)	23 (10)	< 0.01
Prednisolone	26 (14)	19 (8)	0.05
AZA / MTX	46 (26)	87 (38)	0.02

UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease; SCCAI: Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index; HBI: Harvey Bradshaw index; ASA: Aminosalicylic acid; AZA: Azathioprine; MTX: Methotrexate; CRP: C-reactive protein; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and depression score - depression subscore.

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analysis of total fatigue and selected variables in ulcerative colitis (n = 178)

	Univariate B	95%CI	P value	Multivariate B	95%CI	P value
Age	-0.07	-0.13, -0.01	0.03	-0.05	-0.10, 0.00	0.04
Sex (ref. male)	2.30	0.80, 3.80	< 0.01	1.29	0.01, 2.57	0.05
25-OH-D < 50 nmol/L	Ref.
25-OH-D 50-75	-0.27	-1.92, 1.39	0.75
25-OH-D > 75	-0.93	-3.33, 1.47	0.45
SCCAI ≥ 5	5.66	4.20, 7.12	< 0.01	4.25	2.75, 5.75	< 0.01
CRP ≥ 5 mg/L	0.35	-1.37, 2.07	0.69
Calprotectin ≥ 100 mg/kg	0.61	-1.18, 2.40	0.50
Depressive symptoms1	4.78	2.68, 6.88	< 0.01	2.37	0.44, 4.30	0.02
Sleep disturbance	4.17	2.50, 5.84	< 0.01	2.07	0.47, 3.67	0.01

¹HADS: Hospital Anxiety and depression score - depression subscore ≥ 8. UC: Ulcerative colitis; SCCAI: Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index; CRP: C-reactive protein; B: Regression coefficient.

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analysis of total fatigue and selected variables in Crohn’s disease (n = 227)

	Univariate B	95%CI	P value	Multivariate B	95%CI	P value
Age	-0.01	-0.07, 0.05	0.75	0.00	-0.06, 0.05	0.84
Sex (ref. male)	1.30	-0.16, 2.75	0.08	0.63	-0.67, 1.93	0.34
25-OH-D < 50 nmol/L	Ref.
25-OH-D 50-75	-1.04	-2.79, 0.63	0.22
25-OH-D > 75	-0.66	-2.79, 1.48	0.55
HBI ≥ 5	4.17	2.81, 5.54	< 0.01	3.26	1.92, 4.59	< 0.01
CRP ≥ 5 mg/L	0.68	-0.89, 2.25	0.40
Calprotectin ≥ 100 mg/kg	0.00	1.61, 1.61	1.00
Depressive symptoms1	5.99	4.02, 7.94	< 0.01	4.72	2.82, 6.63	< 0.01
Sleep disturbance	4.04	2.10, 5.99	< 0.01	2.21	0.40, 4.03	0.02

¹HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and depression score - depression subscore ≥ 8. CD: Crohn’s disease; SCCAI: Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index; CRP: C-reactive protein; B: Regression coefficient.

Table 4 Univariate and multivariate analysis of chronic fatigue in ulcerative colitis (n = 178)

	Univariate OR (95%CI)		P value	Multivariate OR (95%CI)		P value
Age, years	0.59	0.07, 1.02	0.59
Gender (ref. male)	2.12	1.10, 4.11	0.025	1.80	0.90, 3.62	0.10
25-OH-D < 50 nmol/L (ref)	1.00
25-OH-D 50-75	0.93	0.45, 1.84	0.80
25-OH-D > 75	1.20	0.45, 3.18	0.72
SCCAI ≥ 5	4.81	2.39, 9.67	< 0.01	4.47	2.20, 9.07	< 0.01
CRP ≥ 5 mg/L	1.20	0.57, 2.52	0.63
Calprotectin ≥ 100 mg/kg	1.57	0.73, 3.39	0.25
Depressive symptoms1	3.92	1.64, 9.36	< 0.01	2.55	0.98, 6.64	0.06
Sleep disturbance	2.71	1.33, 5.53	< 0.01	1.40	0.61, 3.19	0.43

¹HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and depression score - depression subscore ≥ 8. UC: Ulcerative colitis; SCCAI: Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index; CRP: C-reactive protein.

Table 5 Univariate and multivariate analysis of chronic fatigue in Crohn’s disease (n = 227)

	Univariate OR (95%CI)		P value	Multivariate OR (95%CI)		P value
Age, years	1.02	1.00, 1.04	0.10
Gender (ref. male)	1.27	0.71, 2.26	0.41	1.11	0.61, 2.01	0.74
25-OH-D < 50 nmol/L (ref.)	1.00
25-OH-D 50-75	0.65	0.33, 1.29	0.22
25-OH-D > 75	1.25	0.56, 2.78
HBI ≥ 5	2.71	1.50, 4.91	< 0.01	2.67	1.47, 4.87	< 0.01
CRP ≥ 5 mg/L	1.18	0.64, 2.19	0.59
Calprotectin ≥ 100 mg/kg	0.56	0.29, 1.10	0.56
Depressive symptoms1	4.77	2.19, 10.39	< 0.01	3.65	1.61, 8.27	< 0.01
Sleep disturbance	4.18	2.00, 8.74	< 0.01	3.02	1.38, 6.61	< 0.01

¹HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and depression score - depression subscore ≥ 8. CD: Crohn’s disease; HBI: Harvey Bradshaw index; CRP: C-reactive protein.