Helicobacter pylori BabA in adaptation for gastric colonization

Table 1 Chromosomal location of babA, babB and babC genes in different strains

Strain	Locus A	Locus B	Locus C
26695	babB	babA	babC
J99	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
HPAG1	babA	babC	babB
G27	babC	No corresponding gene	babA
51	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
Shi470	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
P12	babA	babB	babB homolog1
52	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
B38	babA	No corresponding gene	No corresponding gene
v225d	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
SJM180	babB	babC	babA
PeCan4	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
Sat464	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
35A	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
India7	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
Gambia94/24	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
SouthAfrica7	babA	babA	No corresponding gene
Oki112	babA	babA	No corresponding gene
Oki154	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
Oki828	babA	babA	No corresponding gene
J166	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
SNT49	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
Puno120	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
Puno135	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
B8	babA	babA	No corresponding gene
83	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
ELS37	babB	babA	No corresponding gene
HUP-B14	babA	babC	No corresponding gene
F16	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
F30	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
Hp238	babA	babB	No corresponding gene
BM013A	babB	babB	No corresponding gene
29CaP	babA	babA	No corresponding gene

¹Although the gene is homologous to babB but due to the insertion of adenine (A) caused the formation of stop codon and premature termination.

Table 2 Prevalence of babA in different Asian and other countries

Ref.	Countries	Criteria for babA positive	Prevalence	Year
	Asia
Abdullah et al[43]	Iraq	Positive with babA2 specific primers	33.7% in NUD and 58.8% in PUD	2012
Karabiber et al[44]	Turkey	Positive with babA2 specific primers	49% in gastritis	2014
Abadi et al[45]	Iran	Positive with babA2 specific primers	Overall-40.6%	2013
			95%-GC, 18.1-DU, 26.1-NUD
Yadegar et al[46]	Iran	Positive with babA2 specific primers	Overall-96.7%	2014
			94.4%-NUD, 100%-PUD, 100%-GE, 100%-GC
Saberi et al[42]	Iran	BabA expression	Overall-62%	2016
Osman et al[47]	Malaysia	Positive with babA2 specific primers	41%-NUD	2015
Boonyanugomol et al[48]	Thailand	Positive with babA2 specific primers	Overall-66.2%,	2012
			70.7%-CCA, 54.5%-Cholelithiasis
Chomvarin et al[49]	Thailand	Positive with babA2 specific primers	Overall-92%	2008
			92%-NUD, 85%-GU, 100%-DU, 94%-GC
Ghosh et al[50]	India	Positive with babA2 specific primers	Overall-67.5%	2016
			65.6%-NUD, 70%-DU
Con et al[51]	Japan	Positive with babA2 specific primers	Overall-96.8%	2010
Fujimoto et al[52]	Japan	Leb binding activity	Over all-88.0%	2007
Kim et al[32]	South Korea	Positive with babA specific primers	Overall-47.5%	2015
	Other countries
Kim et al[32]	United States	Positive with babA specific primers	Overall-90%	2015
Biernat et al[53]	Poland	Positive with babA2 specific primers	Overall-23.1%	2014
			18%-NUD, 30%-PUD, 31.8%-GERD
Homan et al[54]	Slovenia	Positive with babA2 specific primers	Overall-47.9%	2014
Boyanova et al[55]	Bulgaria	Positive with babA2 specific primers	Overall-48.8%	2010
			59.3%-PUD, 43.5%-NUD
Matteo et al[28]	Argentina	Positive with babA specific primers	Overall-67%	2011
Con et al[51]	Costa-Rica	Positive with babA2 specific primers	Overall-73.7%	2010
Fujimoto et al[52]	Colombia	Leb binding activity	Overall-83.0%	2007

NUD: Non-ulcer disease; PUD: Peptic ulcer disease; GC: Gastric cancer; DU: Duodenal ulcer; GE: Gastric erosion; CCA: Cholangiocarcinoma; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; GU: Gastric ulcer.

Table 3 BabA receptors found on oral cavity and in stomach

Receptors identified	Localization	Ref.
Mucin MUC5B	Saliva	Walz et al[59] and Prakobphol et al[60]
Agglutinin glycoprotein-340 (gp-340)	Saliva	Prakobphol et al[61]
Prolin rich glycoprotein containing Fucα1-2Galβ motif	Saliva	Walz et al[59]
Secretory immunoglobulin A containing fucose-oligosaccharide motifs	Saliva	Borén et al[17] and Royle et al[62]
Salivary agglutinin DMBT1	Saliva	Issa et al[63]
Lewis b blood group antigen (Leb) and terminal fucose, H1-antigen, A-antigen and B-antigen	Gastric epithelia	Borén et al[17] and McGuckin et al[64]
Mucin MUC5AC with N-acetylgalactosamine-β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine	Gastric mucus	Lindén et al[68] and Kenny et al[69]
Mucin MUC1	Gastric mucus	Lindén et al[71]
Mucin MUC2	Gastric mucus	Cohen et al[72]

Table 4 Oligosaccharides found in Leb involving in binding with amino acid of BabA

Oligosaccharide in Leb	Amino acid in BabA	Position of amino acid in BabA
Fuc1	Cysteine (C)	189
Fuc1	Glycine (G)	191
Fuc1	Asparagine (N)	194
Fuc4	Asparagine (N)	206
GlcNAc3 or Gal5	Aspartic acid (D)	233
Gal5	Serine (S)	234
GlcNAc3 or Gal5	Serine (S)	244
Fuc1	Threonine (T)	246