Case Control Study
Copyright
©The Author(s) 2016. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 21, 2016; 22(27): 6257-6267
Published online Jul 21, 2016. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i27.6257
Table 1 General characteristics of the study subjects
Total (n = 1245) Men (n = 810) Women (n = 435) Case (n = 415) Control (n = 830) P value1 Case (n = 270) Control (n = 540) P valueCase (n = 145) Control (n = 290) P valueAge (yr), mean ± SD 53.8 ± 9.3 53.7 ± 9.0 0.892 54.9 ± 8.7 54.8 ± 8.4 0.905 51.7 ± 10.0 51.6 ± 9.8 0.942 Body mass index (kg/m2 ) < 23 159 (38.3) 314 (37.8) 0.975 91 (33.7) 161 (29.8) 0.509 68 (46.9) 153 (52.8) 0.533 23-25 122 (29.4) 249 (30.0) 78 (28.9) 170 (31.5) 44 (30.3) 79 (27.2) ≥ 25 133 (32.1) 266 (32.1) 101 (37.4) 209 (38.7) 32 (22.1) 57 (19.7) First-degree family history of gastric cancer No 332 (80.0) 725 (87.4) 0.001 209 (77.4) 464 (85.9) 0.002 123 (84.8) 261 (90.0) 0.114 Yes 82 (19.8) 103 (12.4) 60 (22.2) 74 (13.7) 22 (15.2) 29 (10.0) Marital status Married 361 (87.0) 716 (86.3) 0.611 243 (90.0) 478 (88.5) 0.475 118 (81.4) 238 (82.1) 0.975 Other 52 (12.5) 113 (13.6) 26 (9.6) 61 (11.3) 26 (17.9) 52 (17.9) Education level Less than middle school 142 (34.2) 119 (14.3) < 0.001 91 (33.7) 71 (13.2) < 0.001 51 (35.2) 48 (16.6) < 0.001 High school 174 (41.9) 253 (30.5) 112 (41.5) 140 (25.9) 62 (42.8) 113 (39.0) College or higher 97 (23.4) 426 (51.3) 66 (24.4) 301 (55.7) 31 (21.4) 125 (43.1) Job Managers and professionals 70 (16.9) 156 (18.8) 0.001 59 (21.9) 117 (21.7) 0.010 11 (7.6) 39 (13.5) 0.002 Clerical, sales and service workers 122 (29.4) 266 (32.1) 81 (30.0) 203 (37.6) 41 (28.3) 63 (21.7) Production workers, and laborers 104 (25.1) 128 (15.4) 83 (30.7) 111 (20.6) 21 (14.5) 17 (5.9) Not in the labor force 117 (28.2) 277 (33.4) 46 (17.0) 106 (19.6) 71 (49.0) 171 (59.0) Monthly household income2 < 200 133 (32.1) 149 (18.0) < 0.001 85 (31.5) 85 (15.7) < 0.001 48 (33.1) 64 (22.1) 0.016 200-400 148 (35.7) 341 (41.1) 106 (39.3) 232 (43.0) 42 (29.0) 109 (37.6) ≥ 400 96 (23.1) 273 (32.9) 55 (20.4) 168 (31.1) 41 (28.3) 105 (36.2) Alcohol consumption Non-drinker 119 (28.7) 236 (28.4) 0.243 44 (16.3) 89 (16.5) 0.282 75 (51.7) 147 (50.7) 0.819 Ex-drinker 41 (9.9) 60 (7.2) 33 (12.2) 47 (8.7) 8 (5.5) 13 (4.5) Current drinker 254 (61.2) 534 (64.3) 193 (71.5) 404 (74.8) 61 (42.1) 130 (44.8) Smoking status Non-smoker 167 (40.2) 384 (46.3) < 0.001 39 (14.4) 106 (19.6) < 0.001 128 (88.3) 278 (95.9) 0.021 Ex-smoker 119 (28.7) 284 (34.2) 110 (40.7) 277 (51.3) 9 (6.2) 7 (2.4) Current-smoker 128 (30.8) 162 (19.5) 121 (44.8) 157 (29.1) 7 (4.8) 5 (1.7) Regular exercise No 268 (64.6) 361 (43.5) < 0.001 161 (59.6) 234 (43.3) < 0.001 107 (73.8) 127 (43.8) < 0.001 Yes 147 (35.4) 466 (56.1) 109 (40.4) 303 (56.1) 38 (26.2) 163 (56.2) H. pylori infectionNegative 33 (8.0) 320 (38.6) < 0.001 18 (6.7) 187 (34.6) < 0.001 15 (10.3) 133 (45.9) < 0.001 Positive 382 (92.1) 486 (58.6) 252 (93.3) 333 (61.7) 130 (89.7) 153 (52.8)
Table 2 Comparison of intakes of vitamin C and vitamin C contributing foods1
Food (g/d) (mean ± SD) Total (n = 1245) Men (n = 810) Women (n = 435) Case (n = 415) Control (n = 830) P value2 Case (n = 270) Control (n = 540) P valueCase (n = 145) Control (n = 290) P valueEnergy (Kcal/d) 1924.1 ± 612.9 1713.6 ± 545.5 < 0.001 2038.5 ± 634.8 1760.6 ± 541.5 < 0.001 1711.1 ± 507.0 1626.0 ± 543.1 0.116 Vitamin C (mg/d) 96.1 ± 50.5 108.4 ± 56.1 < 0.001 89.0 ± 45.3 97.1 ± 44.2 0.014 109.3 ± 56.7 129.5 ± 68.5 0.001 Potatoes and starches 39.3 ± 38.1 45.5 ± 45.4 0.013 32.8 ± 34.6 40.3 ± 36.5 0.005 51.5 ± 41.2 55.1 ± 57.4 0.456 Potatoes 32.3 ± 34.0 35.0 ± 35.0 0.209 27.7 ± 32.2 32.7 ± 30.3 0.035 41.0 ± 35.7 39.1 ± 42.1 0.635 Sweet potatoes 24.8 ± 210.0 42.3 ± 234.4 0.183 8.2 ± 41.9 15.1 ± 47.1 0.030 55.6 ± 349.4 92.8 ± 386.8 0.329 Vegetables 327.4 ± 185.0 328.2 ± 166.2 0.947 318.4 ± 177.5 320.5 ± 157.4 0.873 344.3 ± 197.7 342.5 ± 180.8 0.926 Korean cabbage kimchi 99.3 ± 71.0 96.1 ± 69.3 0.450 94.9 ± 66.6 97.3 ± 69.0 0.639 107.4 ± 78.1 93.8 ± 70.0 0.068 Green pepper 7.3 ± 11.0 7.9 ± 10.6 0.347 6.4 ± 6.8 7.5 ± 9.5 0.044 9.0 ± 16.0 8.6 ± 12.5 0.769 Radish 20.3 ± 17.5 21.2 ± 18.3 0.375 20.3 ± 16.8 21.5 ± 17.5 0.348 20.3 ± 18.8 20.8 ± 19.6 0.801 Spinach 9.9 ± 21.6 10.7 ± 22.8 0.572 8.0 ± 18.5 9.1 ± 17.3 0.380 13.6 ± 26.2 13.6 ± 30.4 0.994 Radish kimchi 27.1 ± 80.2 28.5 ± 58.9 0.765 20.7 ± 40.1 26.8 ± 52.3 0.065 39.1 ± 123.6 31.5 ± 69.6 0.491 Cabbage 6.6 ± 13.9 13.4 ± 27.1 < 0.001 4.6 ± 10.3 9.7 ± 20.0 < 0.001 10.3 ± 18.3 20.4 ± 35.8 < 0.001 Chonggak kimchi 15.7 ± 44.9 16.5 ± 33.6 0.769 12.1 ± 23.1 15.6 ± 29.9 0.072 22.4 ± 68.7 18.1 ± 39.4 0.486 Zucchini 18.0 ± 22.1 17.5 ± 20.4 0.711 16.1 ± 20.3 15.4 ± 18.3 0.650 21.6 ± 24.9 21.5 ± 23.2 0.956 Chinese cabbage 22.3 ± 118.0 32.7 ± 142.8 0.172 20.7 ± 132.2 34.0 ± 164.8 0.217 25.1 ± 85.7 30.3 ± 88.5 0.564 Lettuce 7.2 ± 10.1 9.3 ± 15.5 0.004 6.1 ± 8.8 7.6 ± 10.7 0.039 9.1 ± 11.9 12.4 ± 21.4 0.040 Onion 14.5 ± 8.7 15.0 ± 9.2 0.375 13.4 ± 7.6 14.3 ± 8.6 0.166 16.4 ± 10.2 16.3 ± 10.2 0.887 Mustard leaf kimchi 10.5 ± 61.5 14.2 ± 118.4 0.469 8.1 ± 62.4 8.2 ± 58.9 0.990 14.9 ± 59.8 25.4 ± 183.1 0.377 Green onion 4.8 ± 3.0 5.0 ± 3.3 0.410 4.9 ± 3.01 5.1 ± 3.3 0.410 4.7 ± 2.9 4.8 ± 3.5 0.811 Fruits 136.0 ± 165.8 191.8 ± 209.1 < 0.001 115.5 ± 149.4 152.0 ± 163.5 0.002 174.1 ± 187.4 266.0 ± 259.0 < 0.001 Mandarins 16.0 ± 26.3 23.2 ± 44.9 < 0.001 12.9 ± 22.6 14.6 ± 23.4 0.319 21.8 ± 31.5 39.2 ± 66.0 < 0.001 Strawberries 5.2 ± 8.7 8.8 ± 15.8 < 0.001 4.3 ± 7.7 6.7 ± 11.2 < 0.001 7.0 ± 10.0 12.6 ± 21.4 < 0.001 Orange juice 8.9 ± 22.2 20.8 ± 56.1 < 0.001 6.4 ± 14.2 16.9 ± 54.8 < 0.001 13.6 ± 31.6 28.0 ± 57.8 0.001 Watermelon 13.4 ± 21.7 21.0 ± 69.4 0.004 11.3 ± 21.2 15.3 ± 36.5 0.050 17.5 ± 22.2 31.8 ± 105.6 0.028 Apples 30.4 ± 57.1 52.3 ± 89.7 < 0.001 23.8 ± 49.1 42.7 ± 77.3 < 0.001 42.7 ± 68.1 70.2 ± 107.0 0.001 Persimmons 17.4 ± 110.5 20.3 ± 57.6 0.617 17.2 ± 133.6 12.9 ± 43.3 0.603 17.8 ± 41.9 34.1 ± 75.5 0.004 Bananas 10.5 ± 26.5 20.3 ± 40.9 < 0.001 7.3 ± 16.0 15.2 ± 28.9 < 0.001 16.4 ± 38.5 29.8 ± 55.8 0.004 Citrus tea 23.6 ± 142.9 58.5 ± 729.7 0.184 11.8 ± 62.8 18.1 ± 67.4 0.201 45.5 ± 225.0 133.7 ± 1228.9 0.237
Table 3 ORs and 95%CIs of gastric cancer by tertiles of dietary vitamin C
Range (mg/d) No. of controls/cases Model I OR (95%CI) Model II OR (95%CI) Model III OR (95%CI) Total (n = 1245) T1 < 80.14 276/186 1 1 1 T2 80.14-120.67 277/130 0.70 (0.53-0.92) 0.81 (0.59-1.10) 0.81 (0.58-1.12) T3 ≥ 120.67 277/99 0.53 (0.40-0.71) 0.64 (0.46-0.88) 0.71 (0.50-1.00) P for trend1 < 0.001 0.007 0.052 Men (n = 810) T1 < 73.18 180/107 1 1 1 T2 73.18-110.59 180/93 0.87 (0.62-1.23) 1.11 (0.75-1.64) 1.07 (0.70-1.61) T3 ≥ 110.59 180/70 0.65 (0.45-0.94) 0.78 (0.52-1.18) 0.91 (0.59-1.41) P for trend0.022 0.229 0.659 Women (n = 435) T1 < 91.70 96/69 1 1 1 T2 91.70-139.52 97/45 0.65 (0.40-1.03) 0.81 (0.48-1.36) 0.85 (0.49-1.48) T3 ≥ 139.52 97/31 0.45 (0.27-0.74) 0.57 (0.32-1.00) 0.61 (0.34-1.12) P for trend0.002 0.051 0.109
Table 4 ORs and 95%CIs of gastric cancer by the highest tertile of vitamin C contributing food consumption
Total (n = 1245) P for trend2 Men (n = 810) P for trendWomen (n = 435) P for trendPotatoes and starches Model I OR1 (95%CI) 0.74 (0.54-1.59) 0.020 0.55 (0.37-0.82) 0.001 0.97 (0.60-1.57) 0.996 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.72 (0.52-1.01) 0.028 0.55 (0.36-0.85) 0.003 0.94 (0.55-1.60) 0.889 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.85 (0.59-1.21) 0.277 0.65 (0.41-1.03) 0.042 1.01 (0.57-1.79) 0.891 Total vegetable consumption Model I OR (95%CI) 0.87 (0.66-1.16) 0.366 0.91 (0.64-1.31) 0.593 0.86 (0.54-1.37) 0.549 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.91 (0.66-1.25) 0.575 1.01 (0.67-1.52) 0.955 0.83 (0.49-1.39) 0.496 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.96 (0.68-1.34) 0.800 1.09 (0.71-1.68) 0.744 0.82 (0.47-1.43) 0.494 Total fruit consumption Model I OR (95%CI) 0.41 (0.30-0.56) < 0.001 0.52 (0.36-0.75) 0.001 0.34 (0.21-0.57) < 0.001 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.57 (0.41-0.81) 0.002 0.73 (0.49-1.10) 0.148 0.52 (0.30-0.92) 0.032 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.59 (0.41-0.85) 0.005 0.73 (0.47-1.13) 0.179 0.57 (0.31-1.05) 0.089 Potatoes Model I OR (95%CI) 0.82 (0.61-1.10) 0.114 0.60 (0.41-0.87) 0.003 1.19 (0.73-1.93) 0.444 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.79 (0.57-1.09) 0.105 0.55 (0.36-0.85) 0.003 0.99 (0.57-1.70) 0.867 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.91 (0.64-1.29) 0.458 0.65 (0.41-1.02) 0.034 1.10 (0.61-1.97) 0.572 Sweet potatoes Model I OR (95%CI) 0.57 (0.42-0.77) < 0.001 0.54 (0.37-0.80) < 0.001 0.71 (0.44-1.16) 0.244 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.62 (0.44-0.87) 0.002 0.60 (0.39-0.92) 0.003 0.68 (0.39-1.18) 0.196 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.69 (048-1.00) 0.018 0.66 (0.42-1.05) 0.016 0.76 (0.42-1.37) 0.294 Korean cabbage kimchi Model I OR (95%CI) 1.08 (0.81-1.43) 0.547 0.90 (0.63-1.28) 0.572 1.47 (0.91-2.39) 0.087 Model II OR (95%CI) 1.08 (0.79-1.48) 0.629 0.91 (0.61-1.35) 0.693 1.41 (0.81-2.43) 0.163 Model III OR (95%CI) 1.11 (0.80-1.55) 0.511 0.99 (0.65-1.51) 0.976 1.27 (0.71-2.28) 0.342 Green pepper Model I OR (95%CI) 0.85 (0.64-1.14) 0.252 0.78 (0.54-1.12) 0.141 0.99 (0.60-1.62) 0.894 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.87 (0.64-1.20) 0.328 0.74 (0.49-1.12) 0.090 0.99 (0.57-1.72) 0.973 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.81 (0.57-1.13) 0.167 0.67 (0.44-0.04) 0.037 0.93 (0.51-1.68) 0.844 Radish Model I OR (95%CI) 0.97 (0.72-1.31) 0.599 0.89 (0.62-1.28) 0.468 1.22 (0.72-2.06) 0.870 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.92 (0.67-1.28) 0.348 0.90 (0.60-1.35) 0.489 1.16 (0.65-2.07) 0.799 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.98 (0.69-1.39) 0.495 0.92 (0.60-1.43) 0.578 1.27 (0.68-2.35) 0.893 Spinach Model I OR (95%CI) 0.77 (0.58-1.03) 0.173 0.62 (0.44-0.90) 0.024 0.93 (0.58-1.51) 0.923 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.80 (0.58-1.09) 0.283 0.66 (0.45-0.99) 0.071 1.02 (0.59-1.77) 0.851 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.86 (0.61-1.20) 0.532 0.78 (0.51-1.20) 0.360 0.94 (0.52-1.70) 0.821 Radish kimchi Model I OR (95%CI) 0.82 (0.62-1.10) 0.193 0.69 (0.48-0.99) 0.038 1.33 (0.80-2.22) 0.592 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.82 (0.59-1.12) 0.195 0.70 (0.47-1.05) 0.090 1.21 (0.69-2.11) 0.937 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.80 (0.57-1.12) 0.192 0.73 (0.47-1.13) 0.142 1.06 (0.58-1.94) 0.816 Cabbage Model I OR (95%CI) 0.34 (0.25-0.46) < 0.001 0.37 (0.26-0.53) < 0.001 0.33 (0.19-0.55) < 0.001 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.45 (0.32-0.63) < 0.001 0.50 (0.34-0.75) 0.004 0.45 (0.25-0.81) 0.016 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.50 (0.35-0.72) 0.001 0.53 (0.35-0.82) 0.015 0.54 (0.29-1.00) 0.094 Chonggak kimchi Model I OR (95%CI) 0.83 (0.62-1.10) 0.215 0.69 (0.48-0.99) 0.038 1.33 (0.80-2.20) 0.589 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.83 (0.60-1.04) 0.253 0.69 (0.46-1.04) 0.077 1.21 (0.69-2.11) 0.933 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.81 (0.58-1.13) 0.244 0.72 (0.47-1.11) 0.113 1.06 (0.58-1.94) 0.818 Zucchini Model I OR (95%CI) 1.01 (0.76-1.35) 0.898 0.96 (0.67-1.37) 0.772 1.38 (0.84-2.25) 0.195 Model II OR (95%CI) 1.09 (0.79-1.51) 0.783 0.99 (0.66-1.48) 0.846 1.87 (1.06-3.28) 0.026 Model III OR (95%CI) 1.11 (0.78-1.56) 0.749 1.97 (0.63-1.50) 0.784 1.82 (1.00-3.30) 0.045 Chinese cabbage Model I OR (95%CI) 0.64 (0.47-0.86) < 0.001 0.53(0.36-0.78) < 0.001 0.80 (0.49-1.31) 0.342 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.58 (0.41-0.81) < 0.001 0.49(0.32-0.76) < 0.001 0.72 (0.41-1.25) 0.115 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.62 (0.44-0.89) < 0.001 0.57(0.36-0.90) 0.005 0.67 (0.37-1.22) 0.092 Lettuce Model I OR (95%CI) 0.64 (0.48-0.86) 0.008 0.58 (0.41-0.82) 0.013 0.77 (0.47-1.26) 0.301 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.67 (0.49-0.93) 0.026 0.58 (0.39-0.86) 0.023 0.79 (0.45-1.36) 0.365 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.68 (0.48-0.95) 0.031 0.58 (0.38-0.88) 0.023 0.78 (0.43-1.40) 0.337 Onion Model I OR (95%CI) 1.06 (0.79-1.42) 0.817 0.90 (0.62-1.30) 0.436 1.21 (0.73-1.99) 0.539 Model II OR (95%CI) 1.09 (0.79-1.51) 0.693 0.84 (0.56-1.27) 0.320 1.33 (0.76-2.33) 0.344 Model III OR (95%CI) 1.13 (0.80-1.59) 0.572 0.90 (0.58-1.40) 0.524 1.27 (0.71-2.30) 0.457 Mustard leaf Kimchi Model I OR (95%CI) 0.84 (0.62-1.12) 0.099 0.87 (0.60-1.25) 0.220 0.66 (0.40-1.08) 0.207 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.76 (0.55-1.06) 0.018 0.84 (0.56-1.27) 0.089 0.60 (0.34-1.04) 0.076 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.76 (0.54-1.08) 0.038 0.90 (0.58-1.40) 0.180 0.57 (0.32-1.04) 0.093 Green onion Model I OR (95%CI) 1.03 (0.76-1.38) 0.909 0.92 (0.64-1.33) 0.527 1.21 (0.73-2.01) 0.612 Model II OR (95%CI) 1.02 (0.73-1.41) 0.807 0.94 (0.62-1.42) 0.588 1.11 (0.64-1.95) 0.731 Model III OR (95%CI) 1.01 (0.71-1.44) 0.744 0.94 (0.60-1.46) 0.582 1.18 (0.65-2.13) 0.650 Mandarins Model I OR (95%CI) 0.60 (0.44-0.80) 0.001 0.79 (0.55-1.12) 0.356 0.42 (0.25-0.71) 0.002 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.74 (0.53-1.04) 0.061 0.97 (0.66-1.44) 0.941 0.60 (0.34-1.07) 0.101 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.71 (0.50-1.01) 0.038 0.95 (0.62-1.44) 0.961 0.54 (0.29-0.99) 0.061 Strawberries Model I OR (95%CI) 0.44 (0.33-0.60) < 0.001 0.40 (0.27-0.58) < 0.001 0.39 (0.23-0.67) 0.001 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.56 (0.40-0.78) 0.001 0.49 (0.32-0.74) 0.001 0.52 (0.29-0.93) 0.026 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.61 (0.43-0.86) 0.009 0.50 (0.32-0.79) 0.004 0.57 (0.30-1.07) 0.065 Orange juice Model I OR (95%CI) 0.43 (0.32-0.59) < 0.001 0.36 (0.25-0.53) < 0.001 0.50 (0.30-0.85) 0.006 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.61 (0.44-0.85) 0.003 0.47 (0.30-0.71) 0.001 0.83 (0.46-1.51) 0.294 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.65 (0.46-0.94) 0.014 0.49 (0.31-0.77) 0.002 0.98 (0.52-1.86) 0.677 Watermelon Model I OR (95%CI) 0.59 (0.44-0.78) 0.003 0.61 (0.43-0.87) 0.032 0.63 (0.39-1.02) 0.117 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.69 (0.50-0.95) 0.065 0.71 (0.48-1.06) 0.211 0.72 (0.42-1.24) 0.309 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.65 (0.46-0.92) 0.043 0.67 (0.44-1.03) 0.132 0.71 (0.40-1.27) 0.292 Apples Model I OR (95%CI) 0.40 (0.29-0.54) < 0.001 0.38 (0.26-0.55) < 0.001 0.43 (0.26-0.71) 0.005 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.60 (0.43-0.85) 0.006 0.57 (0.37-0.87) 0.026 0.64 (0.37-1.11) 0.204 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.64 (0.45-0.92) 0.028 0.53 (0.34-0.83) 0.013 0.82 (0.46-1.47) 0.705 Persimmons Model I OR (95%CI) 0.49 (0.36-0.66) < 0.001 0.62 (0.43-0.89) 0.026 0.40 (0.24-0.66) 0.002 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.56 (0.40-0.78) 0.001 0.72 (0.48-1.08) 0.151 0.46 (0.26-0.80) 0.018 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.55 (0.38-0.78) 0.001 0.67 (0.44-1.03) 0.086 0.45 (0.25-0.82) 0.028 Bananas Model I OR (95%CI) 0.32 (0.24-0.44) < 0.001 0.33 (0.22-0.47) < 0.001 0.26 (0.15-0.46) < 0.001 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.40 (0.29-0.57) < 0.001 0.41 (0.27-0.62) < 0.001 0.34 (0.19-0.63) 0.001 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.44 (0.31-0.63) < 0.001 0.41 (0.27-0.64) 0.001 0.44 (0.23-0.83) 0.014 Citrus tea Model I OR (95%CI) 0.64 (0.48-0.87) 0.002 0.56 (0.38-0.81) 0.001 0.81 (0.49-1.34) 0.281 Model II OR (95%CI) 0.78 (0.56-1.09) 0.048 0.68 (0.44-1.04) 0.017 1.00 (0.57-1.76) 0.669 Model III OR (95%CI) 0.83 (0.59-1.18) 0.161 0.71 (0.45-1.11) 0.040 1.14 (0.63-2.09) 0.992