β-escin reverses multidrug resistance through inhibition of the GSK3β/β-catenin pathway in cholangiocarcinoma

Table 1 Effect of β-escin in combination with 5-fluorouracil on QBC939 and QBC939/5-fluorouracil cells

β-escin(μmol/L)	5-FU(μmol/L)	QBC939			QBC939/5-FU
		A490	CI	IC50	A490	CI	IC50
0	0	1.058 ± 0.073			0.998 ± 0.063
5	0	1.003 ± 0.112			0.992 ± 0.091
10	0	0.943 ± 0.088			0.894 ± 0.072
20	0	0.658 ± 0.033			0.653 ± 0.027
0	20	0.964 ± 0.023			0.997 ± 0.051
0	40	0.872 ± 0.067		114 ± 2.17	0.952 ± 0.071		135 ± 2.59
0	80	0.812 ± 0.089			0.882 ± 0.099
5	20	0.932 ± 0.014	1.0191		0.989 ± 0.031	1.0002
5	40	0.852 ± 0.082	1.0311	101 ± 1.14	0.901 ± 0.062	0.9523	130 ± 2.75
5	80	0.798 ± 0.041	1.0371		0.797 ± 0.026	0.9093
10	20	0.892 ± 0.066	1.0381		0.851 ± 0.045	0.9533
10	40	0.802 ± 0.072	1.0311	96 ± 1.54	0.747 ± 0.036	0.8763	99 ± 2.96
10	80	0.724 ± 0.018	1.0002		0.657 ± 0.031	0.8323
20	20	0.595 ± 0.062	0.9923		0.517 ± 0.041	0.7933
20	40	0.492 ± 0.041	0.9073	31 ± 1.89	0.452 ± 0.020	0.6934	37 ± 1.32
20	80	0.388 ± 0.024	0.7683		0.331 ± 0.015	0.5074

¹Antagonism, CI > 1;

²Additivity, CI = 1;

³Synergy, CI < 1;

⁴Significant synergy, CI < 0.7. 5-FU: 5-fluorouraci.

Table 2 Effect of β-escin in combination with vincristine sulfate on QBC939 and QBC939/5-fluorouracil cells

β-escin	VCR	QBC939			QBC939/5-FU
(μmol/L)	(μmol/L)	A490	CI	IC50	A490	CI	IC50
0	0	1.112 ± 0.093			1.005 ± 0.042
5	0	0.989 ± 0.089			0.988 ± 0.086
10	0	0.902 ± 0.064			0.933 ± 0.067
20	0	0.674 ± 0.044			0.712 ± 0.044
0	20	0.922 ± 0.071			0.992 ± 0.052
0	40	0.752 ± 0.053		102 ± 1.83	0.892 ± 0.035		125 ± 2.37
0	80	0.689 ± 0.032			0.743 ± 0.028
5	20	0.901 ± 0.045	1.0981		0.985 ± 0.035	1.0101
5	40	0.687 ± 0.052	1.0271	88 ± 2.47	0.851 ± 0.022	0.9613	104 ± 1.59
5	80	0.614 ± 0.042	1.0021		0.698 ± 0.017	0.9463
10	20	0.815 ± 0.036	1.0891		0.901 ± 0.043	0.9783
10	40	0.631 ± 0.026	1.0341	72 ± 1.53	0.784 ± 0.035	0.9463	82 ± 2.57
10	80	0.556 ± 0.024	0.9953		0.602 ± 0.011	0.8723
20	20	0.559 ± 0.025	1.0002		0.605 ± 0.021	0.8613
20	40	0.368 ± 0.011	0.8073	18 ± 1.25	0.499 ± 0.009	0.7893	35 ± 1.36
20	80	0.289 ± 0.008	0.6924		0.326 ± 0.010	0.6194

¹Antagonism, CI > 1;

²Additivity, CI = 1;

³Synergy, CI < 1;

⁴Significant synergy, CI < 0.7. VCR: Vincristine sulfate.