Correlation between non-alcoholic fatty liver with metabolic risk factors and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study subjects in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and no non-alcoholic fatty liver disease groups

Variables	NAFLD groups	non-NAFLD group	P value
	(n = 4025)	(n = 4578)
Age (yr)	46.92 ± 9.12	45.67 ± 9.95	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	26.42 ± 2.83	22.93 ± 2.63	< 0.001
SBP (mmHg)	127.68 ± 15.49	119.46 ± 16.17	< 0.001
DBP (mmHg)	79.65 ± 11.38	72.78 ± 11.04	< 0.001
WC (cm)	90.70 ± 7.88	80.08 ± 8.23	< 0.001
FBG (mmol/L)	5.46 ± 1.36	4.97 ± 0.87	< 0.001
TG (mmol/L)	2.18 ± 1.64	1.25 ± 0.81	< 0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.12 ± 0.28	1.29 ± 0.29	< 0.001
TC (mmol/L)	5.02 ± 0.98	4.68 ± 0.89	< 0.001
LDL (mmol/L)	2.82 ± 0.78	2.65 ± 0.73	< 0.001
UA (mmol/L)	386.60 ± 88.75	319.00 ± 87.17	< 0.001
Mean baPWV value (cm/s)	1384.09 ± 228.86	1297.38 ± 237.58	< 0.001

NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FPG: Fasting blood glucose; WC: Waist circumference; TG: Triglycerides; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; baPWV: Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; UA: Uric acid.

Table 2 Relationship between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease n (%)

	High baPWV	Non-high baPWV	OR	95%CI	P value
Males with NAFLD
No	1436 (46.4)	1219 (34.2)	-	-	-
Yes	1659 (53.6)	2348 (65.8)	1.667	1.510-1.841	< 0.001
Females with NAFLD
No	1004 (79.9)	372 (54.4)		-	-
Yes	253 (20.1)	312 (45.6)	3.328	2.714-4.082	< 0.001
Entire population
No	2440 (56.1)	1591 (37.4)	-	-	-
Yes	1912 (43.9 )	2660 (62.6)	2.134	1.957-2.326	< 0.001

NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; baPWV: Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (high baPWV was defined as a value equal to or higher than the median).

Table 3 Relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and high brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity after stratification of metabolic risk factors n (%)

Variable	NAFLD	Males (n = 6662)			Females (n = 1941)
		Subjects with high baPWV	OR (95%CI)	P value	Subjects with high baPWV	OR (95%CI)	P value
MS
No	No	1033 (39.5)	Ref		296 (23.3)	Ref	-
	Yes	1089 (58.2)	1.280 (1.139-1.439)	< 0.001	139 (43.7)	2.550 (1.972-3.297)	< 0.001
Yes	No	185 (66.5)	Ref	-	76 (70.4)	Ref	-
	Yes	1259 (69.4)	1.142 (0.873-1.494)	0.331	173 (70.0)	0.984 (0.600-1.614)	0.950
High BP
No	No	698 (35.9)	Ref	-	185 (16.3)	Ref	-
	Yes	990 (43.5)	1.374 (1.214-1.556)	<0.001	139 (39.7)	3.383 (2.593-4.413)	< 0.001
Yes	No	520 (73.6)	Ref	-	187 (77.6)	Ref	-
	Yes	1352 (78.8)	1.339 (1.093-1.641)	0.005	173 (80.5)	1.189 (0.756-1.871)	0.453
High WC
No	No	947 (43.7)	Ref	-	218 (20.5)	Ref	-
	Yes	886 (54.8)	1.559 (1.369-1.775)	< 0.001	75 (47.5)	3.503 (2.478-4.950)	< 0.001
Yes	No	271 (55.5)	Ref	-	154 (48.2)
	Yes	1462 (61.2)	1.262 (1.036-1.536)	0.021	237 (58.2)	1.439 (1.070-1.936)	0.016
High FPG
No	No	1019 (43.2)	Ref	-	326 (25.1)	Ref	-
	Yes	1573 (53.4)	1.508 (1.352-1.681)	< 0.001	210 (48.4)	2.801 (2.234-3.512)	< 0.001
Yes	No	199 (67.9)	Ref	-	46 (60.5)	Ref	_
	Yes	775 (73.0)	1.280 (0.967-1.694)	0.084	102 (77.9)	2.294 (1.237-4.255)	0.008
High TG
No	No	919 (44.2)	Ref	-	315 (25.2)	Ref	-
	Yes	959 (54.1)	1.486 (1.308-1.688)	< 0.001	199 (52.6)	3.296 (2.596-4.186)	< 0.001
Yes	No	299 (52.0)	Ref	-	57 (49.9)	Ref	-
	Yes	1389 (62.2)	1.517 (1.262-1.825)	< 0.001	113 (60.4)	1.875 (1.188-2.960)	0.007
Low HDL
No	No	933 (45.5)	Ref	-	210 (25.4)	Ref	-
	Yes	1368 (59.2)	1.709 (1.515-1.927)	< 0.001	108 (50.7)	3.027 (2.218-4.131)	< 0.001
Yes	No	285 (45.9)	Ref	-	162 (29.6)	Ref	-
	Yes	980 (57.8)	1.614 (1.341-1.941)		204 (58.0)	3.284 (2.482-4.346)	< 0.001
High TC
No	No	868 (45.1)	Ref	-	245 (22.6)	Ref	-
	Yes	1373 (56.6)	1.588 (1.408-1.791)	< 0.001	190 (49.5)	3.350 (2.621-4.282)	< 0.001
Yes	No	350 (48.1)	Ref	-	127 (43.3)	Ref	_
	Yes	975 (61.7)	1.736 (1.454-2.073)	< 0.001	122 (67.4)	2.703 (1.835-3.981)	< 0.001
High LDL
No	No	867 (44.9)	Ref	-	258 (22.7)	Ref	-
	Yes	1544 (58.9)	1.758 (1.561-1.979)	< 0.001	224 (53.6)	3.925 (3.096-4.975)	< 0.001
Yes	No	351 (48.5)	Ref	-	114 (47.3)	Ref	-
	Yes	804 (58.0)	1.466 (1.223-1.756)	< 0.001	88 (59.9)	1.662 (1.097-2.518)	0.017
High UA
No	No	797 (45.6)	Ref	-	384 (26.4)	Ref	-
	Yes	1544 (58.9)	1.725 (1.523-1.924)	< 0.001	260 (53.3)	3.202 (2.580-3.973)	< 0.001
Yes	No	239 (45.7)	Ref	-	24 (47.0)	Ref	-
	Yes	857 (59.7)	1.543 (1.260-1.890)	< 0.001	52 (67.5)	2.340 (1.130-4.843)	0.022

SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; WC: Waist circumference; TG: Triglycerides; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; UA: Uric acid; baPWV: Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (high baPWV was defined as a value equal to or higher than the median).

Table 4 Relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity after adjustment for metabolic components

Group	Males (n = 6662)			Females (n = 1941)
	n (%)	OR (95%CI)	P value	n (%)	OR (95%CI)	P value
NAFLD0	2653 (39.8)	Ref	-	1376 (70.9)	Ref	-
NAFLD1	4009 (60.2)	1.21 (1.09-1.33)	< 0.001	565 (29.1)	1.40 (1.08-1.82)	< 0.001
MC0	787 (11.8)	Ref	-	451 (23.2)	Ref	-
MC1	955 (14.3)	1.59 (1.29-1.97)	< 0.001	511 (26.3)	3.38 (2.19-5.20)	< 0.001
MC2	1288 (19.3)	2.03 (1.66-2.48)	< 0.001	368 (19.0)	5.04 (3.23-7.87)	< 0.001
MC3	1282 (19.2)	2.66 (2.16-3.27)	< 0.001	272 (14.0)	7.40 (4.67-11.80)	< 0.001
MC4	1117 (16.8)	3.22 (2.60-3.99)	< 0.001	187 (9.60)	9.84 (5.83-16.60)	< 0.001
MC5	763 (11.5)	4.35 (3.42-5.52)	< 0.001	106 (5.50)	11.87 (6.40-22.03)	< 0.001
MC6 and above	470 (7.10)	5.59 (4.23-7.38)	< 0.001	46 (2.40)	20.26 (7.45-55.12)	< 0.001

NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; MC: Metabolic components (the number of metabolism risk factors assumed as dummy variable).