Interplay between intestinal alkaline phosphatase, diet, gut microbes and immunity

Table 1 Summary of completed and ongoing clinical human trials using exogenous bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase

Area of study	Study design	Route of administration	Study phase	Treatment effect	Sample size/ Estimated enrollment1	Ref.1
Completed trials
Coronary artery bypass	Randomized, placebo	Intravenous	2	Increased endogenous alkaline phosphatase release	32	Kats et al[47] (2012)
Severe sepsis and septic shock on acute kidney injury	Double-blind, randomized and placebo	Intravenous	2	Improved renal function	36	Heemskerk et al[49] (2009)
Moderate to severe ulcerative colitis	Uncontrolled	Oral	2	Short term improvement of moderate/severe ulcerative colitis	20	Lukas et al[50] (2010)
Sepsis in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI)	Double-blind, randomized and placebo	Intravenous	2	Renal protection from sepsis in patients with AKI	36	Pickers et al[48] (2012)
Ongoing trials
Acute rheumatoid arthritis	Non-randomized	Subcutaneous	1 and 2	Ongoing study	10	NCT014164932
Safety and efficacy during heart surgery	Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled	Intravenous	3	Ongoing study	228	NCT011446112

¹Refers to ongoing trials;

²The trial numbers associated with ongoing clinical studies was obtained from clinicaltrials.gov.