Perspectives on new biomarkers in gastric cancer: Diagnostic and prognostic applications

Table 1 Main genetic and epigenetic alterations in gastric cancer tissues and their clinical application as biomarkers

Alteration	Type of alteration	Clinical application	Ref.
HER-2 amplification	Genetic	Prognostic and therapeutic	[34-40]
MYC amplification	Genetic	Progression and metastasis	[52]
TP53 Arg72Pro	Genetic	Risk predictor, prognostic	[63-67,69-72]
CDH1 -160 C>A	Genetic	Risk predictor	[76-78]
CDH1 hypermethylation	Epigenetic	Prognostic, metastasis	[167,170,171]
p16 hypermethylation	Epigenetic	Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic	[156-160]

Table 2 miRNAs differently expressed in gastric cancer tissues and their clinical application

miRNA	Level of expression	Clinical application	Ref.
miR-301a	Up-regulated	Progression and prognostic	[127]
miR-29 family	Down-regulated	Prognostic and therapeutic	[128]
miR-146a	Down-regulated	Metastasis	[129]
miR-10b	Up-regulated	Progression and prognostic	[130]
miR-107	Up-regulated	Prognostic	[131]
miR-345 + miR-142	Up-regulated (miR-345) and Down-regulated (miR-142)	Recurrence and progression	[132]
let-7i	Down-regulated	Prognostic and therapeutic	[133]
miR-221	Up-regulated	Progression, prognostic and therapeutic	[125,134]
miR-148a	Down-regulated	Prognostic	[135]
miR-155	Down-regulated	Progression and metastasis	[136]
miR-129-2-3p	Down-regulated	Progression	[137]
miR-181b	Up-regulated	Prognostic	[138]
miR-21	Up-regulated	Prognostic	[138,139]

Table 3 miRNAs differently expressed in body fluids from gastric cancer patients and their clinical application

miRNA	Body fluid	Level of expression	Clinical application	Ref.
miR-200c	Blood	Up-regulated	Progression and survival	[140]
miR-421	Gastric Juice	Up-regulated	Screening	[141]
miR-21	Gastric Juice	Up-regulated	Screening	[142]
miR-106a	Gastric Juice	Up-regulated	Screening	[142]
miR-129-1-3p	Gastric Juice	Down-regulated	Screening	[137]
miR-129-2-3p	Gastric Juice	Down-regulated	Screening	[137]
miR-335	Blood	Up-regulated	Recurrence and prognostic	[143]
miR-221	Serum	Up-regulated	Screening	[144]
miR-744	Serum	Up-regulated	Screening	[144]
miR-376c	Serum	Up-regulated	Screening	[144]
miR-199a-3p	Plasma	Up-regulated	Progression, screening	[145]