Hepatitis B virus lineages in mammalian hosts: Potential for bidirectional cross-species transmission

Table 1 Mammals found with productive or resolved infection by hepatitis B virus

Taxa	Pos/Tot	HBV strain	Locality	Ref.
Order primates
Family hominidae
Pan paniscus	5/27		Captive	Heckel et al[43]
Pan troglodytes	11	chHBV	Wild caught and captive	Hu et al[40]
Pan troglodytes		gibIHBV	Germany captive	Grethe et al[28]
Pan troglodytes	7/57		Captive	Heckel et al[43]
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi	1/4	chHBV	East Africa	Vartanian et al[17]
Pan troglodytes troglodytes	6/62		Cameroon wild born	Lyons et al[21]
Pan troglodytes troglodytes	2/8	chHBV	Southwest Cameroon	Starkman et al[45]
Pan troglodytes troglodytes	1/46	chHBV	Wild Gabon	Makuwa et al[42]
Pan troglodytes troglodytes	7	chHBV	Congo, Cameron, Gabon wild	Makuwa et al[41]
Pan troglodytes vellerosus		chHBV	South-eastern Nigeria	Starkman et al[45]
Pan troglodytes verus	3	chHBV	Cameron wild born	MacDonald et al[29]
Pan troglodytes verus	1	chHBV	Gabon captive	Makuwa et al[41]
Pongo pygmaeus	8/38		Captive	Heckel et al[43]
Pongo pygmaeus	7/28		Taiwan captive	Huang et al[47]
Pongo pygmaeus	40/53	gibHBV	Thailand, prov. Ratchaburi, KhaoPratub Chang Wildlife Breeding Center	Sa-nguanmoo et al[78]
Pongo pygmaeus	83/195	gibHBV	Indonesia, E Kalimantan, W. Orangutan Reintroduction Center, captive and wild born	Warren et al[36]
Gorilla gorilla	2/11		Cameroon wild born	Lyons et al[21]
Gorilla gorilla	4/36		Captive	Heckel et al[43]
Gorilla gorilla	1	chHBV	Cameroon wild born	Grethe et al[28]
Family hylobatidae
Hylobates lar	5/22		Paignton Zoo-captive born	Starkman et al[45]
Hylobates agilis			Taiwan	Starkman et al[45]
Nomascus gabriellae			Taiwan	Starkman et al[45]
Hylobates agilis	9/19	gibHBV	Taiwan captive	Huang et al[47]
Hylobates concolor	1	gibV HBV	Thailand, Duit	Grethe et al[28]
Hylobates concolor	2	gibIV HBV	Thailand, Duit	Grethe et al[28]
Hylobates concolor	4/7	gibHBV	North Vietnam and Central China	Noppornpanth et al[48]
Hylobates lar	3	gibIIHBV	Germany captive	Grethe et al[28]
Hylobates lar	1	gibIIIHBV	Thailand, Patas	Grethe et al[28]
Hylobates lar	3/10	gibHBV	Taiwan captive	Huang et al[47]
Hylobates lar	11/72	gibHBV	Thailand wild and captive born	Noppornpanth et al[48]
Hylobates lar	1/2		Bangkok, Dusit zoo	Sa-nguanmoo et al[78]
Hylobates leucogenys	1	gibIVHBV	Thailand, Duit	Grethe et al[28]
Hylobates leucogenys	1	gibVHBV	Vietnam, Cuc Phuong,	Grethe et al[28]
Hylobates moloch	1	gibIVHBV	Germany captive	Grethe et al[28]
Hylobates muelleri	1/3		Taiwan captive	Huang et al[47]
Hylobates pileatus	1	gibIIIHBV	France captive	Grethe et al[28]
Hylobates pileatus	12/20	gibHBV	Thailand wild and captive born	Noppornpanth et al[48]
Hylobates pileatus	2/6		Bangkok, Dusit zoo	Sa-nguanmoo et al[78]
Hylobates pileatus	At least 1	gibHBV		Huang et al[47]
Nomascus concolor	4/7		Thailand (originally from Vietnam and China)	Noppornpanth et al[48]
Nomascus gabiellae	1/1		Bangkok, Dusit zoo	Sa-nguanmoo et al[78]
Nomascus gabriellae	1/2	gibHBV	Taiwan captive	Huang et al[47]
Nomascus leucogenys	3/7	gibHBV	Taiwan captive	Huang et al[47]
Nomascus leucogenys	5/6	gibHBV	Bangkok, Dusit zoo	Sa-nguanmoo et al[78]
Family cercophitecidae
Cercopithecus aethiops	1		Captive	Heckel et al[43]
Lophocebus albigena	1/5		Cameroon wild born	Lyons et al[21]
Macaca fascicularis	31/120	HBV genD	Mauritius Island (introduced)	Dupinay et al[54]
Mandrillus sphinx	2/9		Cameroon wild born	Lyons et al[21]
Papio ursinus orientalis	15/69	HBV genA2	S Africa, W, E Cape and Limpopo prov.	Dickens et al[51]
Family atelidae
Lagothrix lagothricha	13/16	WMHBV	United States, Louisville Zoo. Garden captive	Lanford et al[56]
Order chiroptera
Family vespertilionidae
Subfam. miniopterinae
Miniopterus fuliginosus	22	TBHBV	Kachin State, Myamar	He et al[24]
Family hipposideridae
Hipposideros cf. ruber	4/51	HBHBV	Gabon	Drexler et al[26]
Family rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus alcyone	1/16	RBHBV	Gabon	Drexler et al[26]
Family phillostomidae
Subfam. sternodermatinae
Uroderma bilobatum	5/54	TBHBV	Panama	Drexler et al[26]
Order rodentia
Family sciuridae
Marmota monax		WHV	United States captive	Summers et al[67]
Otospermophilus beecheyi		GSHV	United States, California	Marion et al[71]
Spermophilus parryi kennicot		ASHV	United States, Alaska	Testut et al[72]
Sciurus carolinensis pennsylvanicus		THBV	United States, Philadelphia	Feitelson et al[74]
Domestic animals
Gallus gallus domesticus	37/129	Human HBV	China, Beijing	Tian et al[59]
Sus scrofa	266/416		China, Beijing	Li et al[18]
Sus scrofa	3	Human HBV	Brazil	Vieira et al[60]

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; Pos/Tot: Number of HBV positive animals/total number of animals analyzed for the presence of HBV infection; ASHV: Arctic squirrel HBV; BtHV: Bat (Miniopterus fuliginosus) hepatitis viruses; chHBV: Chimpanzee HBV; GSHV: Californian ground squirrel HBV; gibHBV: Gibbon HBV; HBV genA: Human HBV genotype A; HBHBV: Horseshoe bat HBV; RBHBV: Roundleaf bat HBV; TBHBV: Tent-making bat HBV; THBV: Tree squirrel HBV; WHV: Woodchuck HBV; WMHBV: Woolly monkey HBV.