Is hepatitis B-virucidal validation of biocides possible with the use of surrogates?

Table 1 Studies published in the literature to evaluate the efficacy of biocides against duck hepatitis B virus

Year	Country	Ref.	Evaluated biocides or inactivation procedures
1991	Australia1	Murray et al[54]	Glutaraldehyde; mix of glutaraldehyde, non-ionic alcohol derivate, quaternary compound and tri-ethyleneglycol surfactant
1993	United Kingdom1	Tsiquaye et al[63]	Sodium hypochlorite; sodium dichloroisocyanurate
1996	Australia1	Deva et al[94]	Glutaraldehyde
1998	United States2	Eble et al[70]	Photochemical inactivation by 8-methoxypsoralen
1999	Australia1	Chaufour et al[55]	Glutaraldehyde; ethylene oxide
1999	Australia1	Vickery et al[64]	Hydrogen peroxide
2000	Australia1	Vickery et al[95]	Glutaraldehyde
2001	United States2	Wagner et al[96]	Photoinactivation by dimethylmethylene blue
2002	United States2	Wang et al[69]	N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride
2004	United States2	Moore et al[97]	Ethylene oxide
2005	Australia2	Druce et al[65]	Ethylene oxide
2006	Germany2	Sauerbrei et al[72]	Peracetic acid; povidone-iodine; formaldehyde
2008	United States2	Roberts et al[98]	Ortho-phthalaldehyde
2012	Germany2	Sauerbrei et al[73]	Ethanol; isopropanol; peracetic acid; glutaraldehyde; formaldehyde

¹DHBV in vivo test system;

²DHBV in vitro assay. DHBV: Duck hepatitis B virus.

Table 2 Minimal concentrations and contact times for the duck hepatitis B virus-virucidal activity of ethanol, isopropanol, peracetic acid, glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde against duck hepatitis B virus in the presence of a protein load of 10% fetal calf serum

Biocide	Concentration (%)	Contact time (min)
Ethanol	40	1
Isopropanol	40	1
Peracetic acid	0.01	2
	0.05	1
Glutaraldehyde	0.05	2
	0.1	0.5
Formaldehyde	0.7	30

Results of quantitative suspension tests are shown[73].

Table 3 Information on the stability of hepatitis B virus published by the World Health Organization[99]

Biocide/measure	Concentration/temperature	Contact time	Remarks
Sodium hypochlorite	0.25%	3 min	Antigenicity of hepatitis B surface antigen is destroyed, infectivity is probably destroyed
Sodium hypochlorite	5%	10 min	Inactivation of virus
Glutaraldehyde	2% (room temperature)	5 min	Inactivation of virus
Glutaraldehyde	2% (98  °C)	2 min	Inactivation of virus
Formaldehyde	5%	2 min	Inactivation of virus
Isopropanol	70%	2 min	Inactivation of virus
Ethanol	80% (11  °C)	2 min	Inactivation of virus
Autoclaving	121  °C	20 min	Lost of infectivity
Heat sterilization	160  °C	1 h	Lost of infectivity