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©2013 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Gastroenterol. Feb 7, 2013; 19(5): 616-630
Published online Feb 7, 2013. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i5.616
Published online Feb 7, 2013. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i5.616
Table 1 Human Toll-like receptors: Localization, known pathogen-associated molecular patterns and their producing microorganisms
Localization | PAMP | Origin of PAMP | |
TLR1 | Plasma membrane | Soluble factors | N. meningitidis |
Triacyl lipopeptides | Bacteria, mycobacteria | ||
TLR2 | Plasma membrane | Glycoinositolphospholipids | Trypanosoma cruzi |
Glycolipids | Treponema maltophilum | ||
Haemagglutinin | Virus | ||
Lipoarabinomannan | Mycobacteria | ||
Lipoprotein/lipopeptides | Various pathogens | ||
Lipoteichoic acid | Gram-positive bacteria | ||
Peptidoglycan | Gram-positive bacteria | ||
Phenol-soluble modulin | S. epidermidis | ||
Porins | Neisseria | ||
Zymosan | Fungi | ||
TLR3 | Endosome | Double-stranded RNA | Virus |
TLR4 | Plasma membrane | Envelope protein | Mouse-mammary tumour virus |
Fusion protein | Respiratory syncytial virus | ||
Heat-shock protein 60 | Chlamydia pneumoniae | ||
Lipopolysaccharide | Gram-negative bacteria | ||
Taxol | Plants | ||
TLR5 | Plasma membrane | Flagellin | Bacteria |
TLR6 | Plasma membrane | Diacyl lipopeptides | Mycoplasma |
Lipoteichoic acid | Gram-positive bacteria | ||
Zymosan | Fungi | ||
TLR7 | Endosome | Single-stranded RNA | Virus |
TLR8 | Endosome | Single-stranded RNA | Virus |
TLR9 | Endosome | DNA (CpG) | Bacteria, virus |
Haemozoin | Plasmodium spp. | ||
Rhodnius spp. | |||
Schistosoma spp. | |||
TLR10 | Endosome | Not determined | Not determined |
Table 2 Human toll-like receptors and a selection of known alarmins
Proteins, peptides | Fatty acids, lipoproteins | Proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans | |
TLR1 | β-defensin-3 | ||
TLR2 | Antiphospholipid antibodies β-defensin-3 | Serum amyloid A | Biglycan |
Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin | Hyaluronic acid fragments | ||
Heat-shock protein 60, 70, Gp96 | Versiglycan | ||
High-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) | |||
HMGB1-nucleosome complexes | |||
Surfactant protein A, D | |||
TLR4 | Antiphospholipid antibodies | Oxidised low-density protein | Biglycan |
β-defensin-2 | Saturated fatty acids | Heparan sulphate fragment | |
Fibrinogen | Serum amyloid A | Hyaluronic acid fragment | |
Fibronectin (extra domain-A) | |||
High-mobility group protein B1 | |||
Heat-shock protein 60, 70, 72, 22, Gp96 | |||
Lactoferrin MRP8, MRP14 | |||
Neutrophil elastase | |||
Surfactant protein A, D | |||
Tenascin-C (fibrinogen-like globe) |
Table 3 Complications of severe acute pancreatitis
Pancreatic | Systemic |
Abscess | Acute kidney failure |
Fat necrosis | Acute liver failure |
Hemorrhages | Adult respiratory distress syndrome |
Infected necrosis | Disseminated intravascular coagulation |
Pseudocyst formation | Encephalopathy |
Sterile necrosis | Gut ischemia |
Hypocalcemia | |
Paralytic ileus | |
Shock |
Table 4 A selection of genes regulated by nuclear factor κB
Acute phase proteins | C-reactive protein |
Complement factor Bf | |
Complement factor C3 | |
TNFβ | |
Adhesion molecules | E-selectin |
Intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1 | |
Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 | |
Chemokines | IL8 |
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 | |
Chemokine C-C motif ligand 5 (also known as RANTES) | |
Cytokines | IL2, 6, 12 |
ILβ | |
IL1β | |
TNFβ | |
TNFα | |
Growth factors | Granulocyte colony stimulating factor |
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor | |
Macrophage colony stimulating factor |
Table 5 Toll-like receptors and acute pancreatitis
Observed change | Tissue/cell | Ref. | |
TLR2 | Increased mRNA expression | Pancreas | [35] |
Lungs | [40] | ||
Liver | [48,49] | ||
Increased protein levels | Pancreas | [35] | |
Liver | [48] | ||
Decreased mRNA expression | Pulmonary macrophages | [43] | |
TLR4 | Increased mRNA expression | Pancreas | [35,64,73,92] |
Lungs | [40,88] | ||
Liver | [48,94,96] | ||
Kidney | [96] | ||
Increased protein levels | Small intestine | [96] | |
Pancreas | [35,92] | ||
Lungs | [88] | ||
Liver | [48,49] | ||
Intestine | [65] | ||
Blood monocytes | [106] | ||
Decreased mRNA expression | Pulmonary macrophages | [43] | |
TLR9 | Increased mRNA expression | Pancreas | [117,118] |
Increased protein levels | Pancreas | [118] |
Table 6 Toll-like receptor intervention in acute pancreatitis
Substance | Ref. | |
TLR2 | Chloroquine | [40,49] |
L-Arg | [40,49] | |
WY14643 | [35] | |
TLR4 | Anti-MIF antibody | [88] |
Baicalin | [107] | |
Chloroquine | [40,49] | |
Emodin | [107] | |
Eritoran | [83] | |
L-Arg | [40,49] | |
Salvia miltiorrhizae | [108,109] | |
TLR9 | IRS954 | [118] |
- Citation: Vaz J, Akbarshahi H, Andersson R. Controversial role of toll-like receptors in acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19(5): 616-630
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v19/i5/616.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i5.616