Transarterial embolization for massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage following abdominal surgery

Table 1 Clinical features of patients with postoperative hemorrhage after abdominal surgery

Case	Sex	Age (yr)	Diseases	Surgical procedure	Interval from operation to bleeding (d)	Clinical presentations
1	Male	61	Gastric carcinoma	Gastrectomy	11	Haematemesis/melena
2	Male	72	Pancreatitis	Pancreatitis necrosectomy	15	Bleeding from drain
3	Male	46	Duodenal papilla carcinoma	Pancreaticoduodenectomy	38	Bleeding from drain
4	Male	64	Gastric carcinoma	Gastrectomy	14	Bleeding from drain
5	Male	37	Gastric carcinoma	Gastrectomy	27	Haematemesis/melena
6	Female	44	Gastric carcinoma	Gastrectomy	18	Bleeding from drain
7	Male	51	Gastric carcinoma	Gastrectomy	20	Haematemesis/melena
8	Male	35	Gastric carcinoma	Gastrectomy	28	Haematemesis/melena
9	Male	41	Gastric carcinoma	Gastrectomy	64	Haematemesis/melena
10	Male	56	Pancreatic carcinoma	Pancreaticoduodenectomy	10	Haematemesis/melena
11	Female	45	Gallbladder carcinoma	Extended cholecystectomy	25	Haematemesis/melena
12	Male	86	Ascending colon carcinoma	Right hemicolectomy	34	Hematochezia/melena
13	Male	59	Gastric carcinoma	Gastrectomy	50	Haematemesis/melena
14	Male	69	Gastric carcinoma	Gastrectomy	49	Bleeding from drain
15	Male	61	Intra-abdominal abscess	Excision of Intra-abdominal abscess	3	Bleeding from drain
16	Male	65	Common Bile duct carcinoma	Pancreaticoduodenectomy	29	Bleeding from drain
17	Male	73	Gastric carcinoma	Gastrectomy	38	Hematochezia/melena
18	Male	60	Bile duct carcinoma	Pancreaticoduodenectomy	29	Bleeding from drain
19	Female	62	Gastric carcinoma	Gastrectomy	21	Haematemesis/melena
20	Male	80	Duodenal papilla carcinoma	Pancreaticoduodenectomy	8	Bleeding from drain
21	Male	42	Pancreatic carcinoma	Pancreaticoduodenectomy	46	Haematemesis/melena
22	Male	45	Splenomegaly	Splenectomy	9	Bleeding from drain
23	Male	56	Bile duct stone	Choledocholithotomy	26	Bleeding from drain
24	Female	62	Gastric carcinoma	Gastrectomy	65	Hematochezia/melena
25	Male	76	Gastric carcinoma	Gastrectomy	29	Haematemesis/melena
26	Male	40	Mesenteric torsion	Partial intestinal resection	15	Haematemesis/melena

Table 2 Angiographic findings and clinical results of patients with postoperative hemorrhage after abdominal surgery

Case	Angiography finding	Embolized artery	Embolic agent	Clinical results
1	Negative	None	None	Conservative treatment and clinical success
2	Negative	None	None	Repeat surgery and clinical success
3	Negative	None	None	Repeat surgery and clinical success
4	Negative	None	None	Repeat surgery and clinical success
5	Extravasation	None	None	Conservative treatment and clinical success
6	Extravasation	Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery	Microcoil	Clinical success
7	Extravasation	Jejunal artery	Microcoil	Clinical success
8	Extravasation	Jejunal artery	Microcoil	Clinical success
9	Extravasation	Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery	Microcoil	Clinical success
10	Extravasation	Great pancreatic artery	Gelfoam	Clinical success
11	Negative	Right hepatic artery and gastroduodenal artery	Gelfoam	Die of rebleeding
12	Extravasation	Ileocolic artery	Microcoil	Clinical success
13	Pseudoaneurysm	Gastroduodenal artery	Microcoil	Clinical success
14	Extravasation	Gastroduodenal artery	Microcoil	Clinical success
15	Pseudoaneurysm	superior rectal artery	Microcoil	Clinical success
16	Pseudoaneurysm	Gastroduodenal artery	Microcoil	Clinical success
17	Fusiform aneurysm	Gastroduodenal artery	Microcoil	Clinical success
18	Pseudoaneurysm	Common hepatic artery	Microcoil	Clinical success
19	Extravasation	Gastroduodenal artery	Microcoil	Die of rebleeding
20	Pseudoaneurysm	Gastroduodenal artery	Microcoil	Die of rebleeding
21	Fusiform aneurysm	Proper hepatic artery	Microcoil + gelfoam	Clinical success
22	Pseudoaneurysm	Splenic artery and Right gastroepiploic artery	Microcoil + gelfoam	Clinical success
23	Pseudoaneurysm	Right hepatic artery	Microcoil + gelfoam	Clinical success
24	Pseudoaneurysm	Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery	Microcoil + gelfoam	Clinical success
25	Fusiform aneurysm	Gastroduodenal artery	Microcoil + gelfoam	Clinical success
26	Pseudoaneurysm	Jejunal artery	Microcoil + gelfoam	Clinical success