Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Update on inflammation and symptom perception

Table 1 Cytokines and Chemokines involved in the pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease

Patients	Cytokines	Chemokines
GERD	IL-6[8,23], and IL-8[8-11,23,25,29], IL-1β[23,28,32,38], INF-γ[8], TNF-α[20,38]
ERD	IL-6[32,37], IL-8[8-11,25,28], IL-1β[28,32,37,38]	PAF[11,36,37], MCP-1[9-11,36,38], RANTES[9,36], MIP1-α[11,36,38], Eotaxin-1, Eotaxin-2 and Eotaxin-3[11,36], CINC-2α[38], and ICAM-1[38]
NERD	IL-8[10,25,28], IL-1β[28]
Barrett's esophagus	IL-8[8], IL-4[8], TNF-α[34], IL-6[34], IL-8[35]

GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; ERD: Erosive reflux disease; NERD: Non-erosive reflux disease; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-8: Interleukin-8; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; INF-γ: Interferon-gamma; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; PAF: Platelet-activating factor; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein; MIP-1α: Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alfa; CINC-2α: Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-2alfa; ICAM-1: Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; RANTES: Regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted.