Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants, according to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease status

Variables	Without NAFLD	With NAFLD	P value
n	475	742
Sex (female/male)	287/188	470/272	> 0.05
Age (yr)	65.11 ± 11.70	62.29 ± 12.52	< 0.05
Diabetes duration (yr)	11.31 ± 7.10	8.47 ± 6.87	< 0.05
Height (cm)	163.99 ± 8.49	164.20 ± 8.24	> 0.05
BW (kg)	65.54 ± 9.76	74.32 ± 11.64	< 0.05
WC (cm)	88.75 ± 8.72	96.76 ± 10.32	< 0.05
BMI (kg/m2)	24.33 ± 2.87	27.49 ± 3.37	< 0.05
Current smokers (%)	17.7	14.3	> 0.05
SBP (mmHg)	131.43 ± 17.93	141.56 ± 16.15	< 0.05
DBP (mmHg)	76.94 ± 8.87	83.61 ± 9.57	< 0.05
FBG (mmol/L)	7.72 ± 3.18	8.97 ± 3.20	< 0.05
HbA1c (%)	8.45 ± 2.44	8.91 ± 2.47	< 0.05
ALT (mmol/L)	17.16 ± 8.19	25.72 ± 13.01	< 0.05
AST (mmol/L)	18.23 ± 6.74	22.34 ± 9.00	< 0.05
GGT (mmol/L)	19.47 ± 16.32	25.05 ± 17.94	< 0.05
TG (mmol/L)	1.45 ± 1.06	2.12 ± 1.43	< 0.05
TC (mmol/L)	4.99 ± 1.41	5.04 ± 1.22	> 0.05
LDL (mmol/L)	2.95 ± 0.92	2.95 ± 0.82	> 0.05
HDL (mmol/L)	1.24 ± 0.29	1.17 ± 0.28	< 0.05

Data are expressed as mean ± SD or proportions of the entire cohort of participants. BW: Body weight; WC: Waist circumference; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: γ-glutamyltransferase; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein.

Table 2 Risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Variables	β	SE	P value	OR	95%CI
Total patients with T2DM
logBMI	16.33	2.24	0.00	1.238 × 107	154915.06-9.897 × 108
logWC	5.57	2.57	0.03	261.45	1.69-40422.03
logTG	2.05	0.34	0.00	7.79	3.99-15.19
FBG	0.079	0.03	0.01	1.08	1.02-1.15
DBP	0.03	0.01	0.00	1.03	1.01-1.05
SBP	0.03	0.01	0.00	1.03	1.02-1.04
Duration of diabetes	-0.05	0.01	0.00	0.96	0.93-0.98
DR	-0.035	0.17	0.04	0.71	0.51-0.99
DPN	-0.38	0.17	0.03	0.69	0.50-0.95
DN	-1.15	0.19	0.00	0.32	0.22-0.46
logHDL	-1.76	0.84	0.04	0.17	0.03-0.89
Male patients with T2DM
logBMI	24.53	3.37	0.00	4.52 × 1010	6.128 × 107-3.334 × 1013
logTG	3.63	0.62	0.00	37.88	11.34-126.61
DBP	0.08	0.02	0.00	1.09	1.05-1.12
Duration of diabetes	-0.07	0.02	0.00	0.94	0.90-0.98
logHDL	-4.92	1.72	0.00	0.01	0.00-0.21
Female patients with T2DM
logBMI	16.91	2.05	0.00	2.21 × 107	395927.04-1.23 × 109
logTG	1.25	0.42	0.00	3.48	1.54-7.90
FBG	0.2	0.04	0.00	1.22	1.13-1.31
SBP	0.04	0.01	0.00	1.04	1.03-1.05
Duration of diabetes	-0.04	0.01	0.00	0.96	0.93-0.98
DPN	-0.44	0.21	0.04	0.65	0.43-0.98
DR	-0.49	0.21	0.02	0.61	0.41-0.93
DN	-1.23	0.23	0.00	0.29	0.19-0.46

T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; WC: Waist circumference; TG: Triglyceride; BMI: Body mass index; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; DR: Diabetic retinopathy; DPN: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy; DN: Diabetic nephropathy.