Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in female Vietnamese immigrants to Korea

Table 1 Helicobacter pylori positivity according to age n (%)

Age (yr)	Korean Females	Female Vietnamese immigrants	P value
11-20	10 (47.6)	23 (57.5)	0.462
21-30	23 (85.2)	122 (57.8)	0.006
31-50	167 (75.2)	34 (48.6)	< 0.0001
Total	200/280 (71.4)	179/321 (55.7)	< 0.0001

Table 2 Seropositivity/negativity for Helicobacter pylori of female Vietnamese immigrants n (%)

Characteristics (n)	H. pylori positive	H. pylori negative	P value
Smoking (n = 338)
None	171 (98.8)	165 (100)	0.261
Yes	2 (1.2)	0 (0)
Alcohol drink (n = 323)
None	151 (93.2)	152 (94.4)	0.178
Yes	11 (6.8)	9 (5.6)
Exercise (n = 338)
None	124 (71.3)	125 (76.2)	0.301
Yes	50 (28.7)	39 (23.8)
Gastrointestinal disease (n = 338)
None	159 (91.9)	140 (84.9)	0.042
Yes	14 (8.1)	25 (15.1)

Table 3 Helicobacter pylori positivity in female Vietnamese immigrants and their male Korean spouses n (%)

Age	Female Vietnamese immigrants (n = 321)	Spouses (n = 199)
11-20	23 (57.3)	0 (0)
21-30	122 (57.8)	1 (50)
31-50	34 (48.6)	127 (63.8)
Total	179 (55.7)	128 (64.3)

Table 4 Analysis of the association between Helicobacter pylori positivity and nutritional factors in female Vietnamese immigrants and their male spouses

	Female Vietnamese immigrants			Male spouses
	H. pylori positive (n = 172)	H. pylori negative (n = 164)	P value	H. pylori positive (n = 125)	H. pylorinegative (n = 72)	P value
Calorie (kcal)	1410.4 (677.3)	1430.96 (409.6)	0.739	1802.2 (573.7)	1691.5 (603.4)	0.202
Plant protein (g)	27.4 (1.8)	28.8 (10.4)	0.253	38.6 (15.6)	35.6 (10.7)	0.109
Animal protein (g)	31.9 (89.5)	26.8 (16.1)	0.464	31.9	39.8	0.061
Total protein (g)	59.3 (92.3)	55.6 (20.1)	0.615	70.5 (27.4)	75.4 (38.0)	0.448
Plant lipid (g)	15.1(10.8)	15.0 (9.9)	0.949	21.5 (15.3)	25.2 (48.8)	0.535
Animal lipid (g)	17.3 (14.9)	18.6(14.2)	0.392	22.7 (17.5)	22.8 (16.5)	0.967
Total lipid (g)	33.4 (20.5)	33.6 (17.9)	0.539	44.2 (24.4)	48.0 (23.5)	0.191
Sugar (g)	221.7 (73.1)	228.1 (62.7)	0.393	275.7 (81.6)	271.9 (101.4)	0.786
Fiber (g)	14.8 (7.3)	15.1 (6.5)	0.659	21.4 (8.5)	18.6 (6.7)	0.01a
Calcium (mg)	381.7 (324.8)	400.9 (240.2)	0.539	520.7 (256.5)	684.6 (1075.9)	0.207
Iron (mg)	9.4 (4.6)	9.9 (3.7)	0.282	14.8 (11.1)	90.3 (462.)	0.170
Sodium (mg)	3378.9 (3272.2)	3333.7 (1458.2)	0.869	4661.2 (1700.7)	4801.6 (2086.3)	0.609
Potassium (mg)	2212.8 (3104.0)	2041.6 (822.2)	0.486	2654 (1002.2)	2537.2 (946.6)	0.413
Zinc (mg)	8.5 (23.1)	6.9 (2.4)	0.367	9.2 (5.5)	9.3 (6.2)	0.963
Vitamin A (μg RE)	404.8 (384.0)	441.8 (358.9)	0.363	693.7 (526.6)	771.7 (839.1)	0.478
Vitamin B1 (mg)	1.0 (0.5)	1.0 (0.4)	0.662	1.1 (0.58)	1.2 (0.6)	0.341
Vitamin B2 (mg)	0.8 (0.6)	0.8 (0.4)	0.591	1.0 (0.5)	1.4 (2.3)	0.136
Vitamin B6 (mg)	1.5 (0.9)	1.5 (0.7)	0.626	2.0 (0.9)	4.0 (14.0)	0.219
Niacin (mg NE)	12.9 (18.2)	12.2 (4.9)	0.615	16.0 (7.0)	26.0 (50.6)	0.099
Vitamin C (mg)	127.0 (116.5)	123.0 (136.5)	0.770	123.6 (100.5)	99.2 (85.8)	0.086
Folate (μg DFE)	187.7 (155.8)	173.8 (88.2)	0.314	260.0 (137.6)	240.6 (137.9)	0.340
Vitamin E (mg ATE)	10.2 (20.6)	9.3 (5.7)	0.550	13.4 (8.9)	11.4 (6.5)	0.068
Cholesterol (mg)	330.5 (1393.0)	218.3 (214.0)	0.298	264.9 (191.0)	319.3 (299.9)	0.173

Data are presented as mean (SD). ^aP < 0.05, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) positive group vs Helicobacter pylori negative group in Korean male spouses.