Predictors and clinical outcomes for spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Univariate analysis of risk factors related to spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma

Variables	Case group(n = 200)	Control group(n = 202)	P value
Age (yr)	47.9 ± 12.4	50.5 ± 11.4	0.209
Sex			0.322
Male	184	180
Female	16	22
Diabetes			0.388
Presence	8	5
Absence	192	197
Hypertension			0.041
Presence	15	6
Absence	185	196
Liver cirrhosis			< 0.001
Yes	175	114
No	25	88
Liver function status			0.096
Child-Pugh class A	133	157
Child-Pugh class B	49	32
Child-Pugh class C	18	13
PT (s)	13.8 ± 2.3	13.3 ± 1.5	0.328
PLT (×109/L)	161.4 ± 94.8	159.1 ± 64.6	0.187
TB (μmol/L)	34.4 ± 40.6	30.0 ± 6.7	0.097
Albumin (g/L)	37.2 ± 5.8	36.8 ± 4.2	0.101
ALT(IU/L)	86.0 ± 91.6	59.4 ± 48.1	0.261
AST(IU/L)	136.2 ± 176.4	59.8 ± 47.5	0.643
Creatinine (μmol/L)	72.6 ± 20.2	74.3 ± 18.7	0.209
AFP (μg/L)	586.6 (1.3-95600.5)	499.2 (1.8-10521.6)	0.125
Positive HBsAg status	181	166	0.514
Maximum tumor size (cm)			< 0.001
≤ 5	34	86
> 5	166	116
Tumor location			0.927
Right lobe	142	146
Left lobe	38	38
Both lobes	20	18
Protrusion from the liver surface			< 0.001
Yes	132	90
No	68	112
Vascular thrombus			< 0.001
Presence	61	18
Absence	139	184
Ascites			0.301
Presence	24	16
Absence	176	186
Extrahepatic invasion			< 0.001
Yes	73	25
No	127	177

PT: Prothrombin time; PLT: Platelet count; TB: Total bilirubin; AFP: α-fetoprotein; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase.

Table 2 Multivariate analysis for factors related with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma

Variables	HR	95%CI for HR	P value
Hypertension (presence vs absence)	7.75	2.10-28.57	0.002
Liver cirrhosis (presence vs absence)	7.16	3.96-12.97	< 0.001
Tumor size ( ≤ 5 cm vs > 5 cm)	3.97	2.28-6.93	< 0.001
Protrusion from the liver surface (yes vs no)	6.51	2.31-10.84	0.008
Vascular thrombus (presence vs absence)	2.90	1.48-5.70	0.002
Extrahepatic invasion (yes vs no)	3.78	2.04-7.00	< 0.001

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 3 Operative detail of 105 patients undergoing hepatectomy

Detail	n
Type of hepatectomy	105
Minor hepatectomy	43
Major hepatectomy	62
Operating time (min)	166.8 ± 70.2
Duration of blood inflow occlusion (min)	16.9 ± 9.0
Blood loss (mL)	811.4 (50-5000)
Surgical margins
R0 resection	92
R1 resection	12
R2 resection	1
Hospital mortality	1
Major complications
Post-operative bleeding	0
Liver failure	1
Bile leak	1
Pleural effusion	51
Postoperative hospital stay (d)	17.3 ± 6.7