Metabolic syndrome and gallstone disease

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study subjects (mean ± SD) n (%)

Variable	Cases (n=918)	Controls (n=6652)	Pvalues
Age (yr)	48.5 ± 9.1	44.7 ± 9.0	< 0.0001
Height (cm)	165.6 ± 7.9	165.6 ± 7.7	0.2791
Weight (kg)	72.6 ± 11.3	69.4 ± 12.2	< 0.0001
Body mass index (kg/m2)	26.3 ± 3.0	25.2 ± 3.4	< 0.0001
Waist circumference (cm)	91.6 ± 9.4	87.8 ± 10.7	< 0.0001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	123.6 ± 14.3	119.8 ± 14.5	< 0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	74.1 ± 9.8	72.2 ± 10.4	< 0.0001
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	5.39 ± 1.37	5.11 ± 1.04	< 0.0001
High density lipid (mg/L)	44.6 ± 10.9	46.0 ± 0.58	0.0004
Triglyceride (mg/L)	201.1 ± 183.3	183.7 ± 182.7	0.0069
Male	653 (71.1)	4325 (65.0)	0.0003
Larger waist circumference	673 (73.3)	3918 (58.9)	< 0.0001
Higher blood pressure	401 (43.7)	2072 (31.2)	< 0.0001
Higher FPG	146 (15.9)	600 (9.0)	< 0.0001
Lower high-density lipid	407 (44.3)	2842 (42.8)	0.3551
Higher triglyceride	473 (51.5)	3044 (45.8)	0.0010

Student t test was applied to compare the differences between cases and controls for all continuous variables. Larger waist circumference denotes waist circumference ≥ 80 cm for females or ≥ 90 cm for males; higher blood pressure denotes systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg or drug treatment; raised fasting plasma glucose (FPG) denotes FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/L or drug treatment; raised triglyceride denotes triglyceride ≥ 1.70 mmol/L or drug treatment; lower HDL-C denotes HDL < 1.29 mmol/L for females or < 1.03 mmol/L for males or drug treatment. χ² test was used to compare the differences between cases and controls for all category variables. HDL: High blood pressure; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2 Association of metabolic syndrome with human gallstone n (%)

MetS status	Gallstone status		OR (95% CI)	Pvalues
	Cases	Controls
Male
Non-MetS	343 (11.6)	2600 (88.4)		0.0030
MetS	310 (15.2)	1725 (84.8)	1.29 (1.09-1.52)
Female
Non-MetS	169 (8.4)	1852 (91.6)		0.0004
MetS	96 (16.8)	475 (82.2)	1.68 (1.26-2.25)
Total
Non-MetS	512 (10.3)	4452 (89.7)		< 0.0001
MetS	406 (15.6)	2200 (84.4)	1.42 (1.23-1.64)

Age-adjusted logistic regression model was used to test the associations between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and human gallstone. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.