Review
Copyright ©2012 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Gastroenterol. Jun 14, 2012; 18(22): 2756-2766
Published online Jun 14, 2012. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i22.2756
Table 1 Clinical-diagnostic types of occupational toxic hepatitis
Type of diseaseALTALPγ-GTBilirubinBile acids
Hepatocellular> 2 ULNN> 2Elevated levelsElevated levels
CholestaticN> 2 ULN> 4Normal or moderate levelElevated levels
Mixed> 2 ULN≥ ULN> 2Normal or moderate levelElevated Levels
Table 2 Main features of the solvents described
SolventsOrganoleptic propertiesMain usesMain mode of absorption
DimethylformamideWater-soluble liquidProduction of organic chemicals, resins, fibers, paints, inks and adhesivesInhalation
ColorlessVinyl resins, adhesives and epoxy formulationsSkin
OdorlessPurification and/or separation of acetylene
Polar polymerProduction of polyacrylic or cellulose triacetate fibres and pharmaceuticals
Industrial paint
Protective coatings, films, printing inks and adhesives
Pharmaceutical industry
Formulation of pesticides
DimethylacetamideColorlessOrganic chemistryInhalation
Water miscibleVinyl resinsSkin
High boiling pointCellulose derivativesGastric
PolarPolyacrylonitrile
GreasyLinear polyesters and styrene
Production process of antibiotics like cephalosporins
Production of X-ray contrast media
Manufacture of polyimide resins, polysulfones and cellophane
TrichloroethyleneNon-flammable liquidVolatile anesthetic (in the past)Inhalation
ClearFood industry (e.g., the decaffeination of coffee and theSkin
Pleasant smellpreparation of flavoring extracts from hops and spices)Gastric
Volatile
Organic compound
TetrachloroethyleneColorless liquidDry cleaning and metal cleaning,Inhalation
Volatileveterinary anthelmintic, textile industry,Skin
High stabileautomotive and other metalworking industries,Gastric
Non-flammabledry-cleaning industry
Carbon tetrachlorideLiquidRefrigerantInhalation
Easily evaporatesPesticideSkin
Sweet smellGastric
Unpleasant smell (> 10 ppm)
XyleneFlammable liquidResins, gums, rubber cleaners, degrease paints, lacquers, varnishes,Inhalation
Light-colored or colorless, strong odoradhesives, cements, inks, gasolineSkin
TolueneRefractive liquidPaints, coatings, synthetic fragrances, adhesives, inks, cleaningInhalation
Colorlessagents, pharmaceuticals, dyes, cosmetic nail products, andSkin
Flammable soluble in watersynthesis of organic chemicals
Pungent odor
ChloroformColorlessPharmaceutical industryInhalation
Sweet-smellingDyes and pesticides
Dense liquidReagent
Anesthetic