Risk factors for predicting early variceal rebleeding after endoscopic variceal ligation

Table 1 Univariate analysis for baseline characteristics

Variable	Non-rebleeding (n = 316)	Rebleeding (n = 26)	P-value	OR	95% CI
Male/female	227/89	15/11	0.13
Age (yr)	52.3 ± 11.0	57.5 ± 8.3	0.02
Etiology of cirrhosis
Virus	237	21	0.60
Alcohol	31	1
Others	48	4
Comorbidities
Diabetes	35	5	0.21
Liver cancer	19	2	0.67
History of surgery
Splenectomy or devascularization	100	16	< 0.01	3.08	1.38-6.88
Liver cancer surgery	8	0	1
Liver transplantation	3	0	1
Child-Pugh score
A	125	1	< 0.01
B	173	6
C	18	19
Encephalopathy	8	10	< 0.01	24.06	8.36-69.23
Blood loss before EVL (mL)	736 ± 418	1854 ± 657	< 0.01
Ascites
None/mild	285	6	< 0.01	26.18	10.25-66.82
Moderate/excessive	31	20
Portal vein diameter (mm)	12.9 ± 2.1	15.9 ± 2.2	< 0.01
Portal vein diameter ≥ 14 mm	113	24	< 0.01	21.56	5.00-92.89
Portal vein thrombosis	37	13	< 0.01	7.54	3.25-17.50
Hemoglobin (g/L)	97.0 ± 20.8	71.8 ± 13.2	< 0.01
Hemoglobin < 90 g/L	112	24	< 0.01	21.86	5.07-94.19
Platelets (109/L)	121 ± 77	96 ± 99	0.118
Albumin (g/L)	35.2 ± 5.6	29.2 ± 4.2	< 0.01
Albumin < 28 g/L	32	8	< 0.01	3.94	1.59-9.79
ALT (U/L)	32.4 ± 22.2	36.0 ± 18.4	0.42
AKP (U/L)	108.3 ± 200.1	142.8 ± 96.5	0.39
Bilirubin (μmol/L)	21.4 ± 13.4	27.7 ± 14.9	0.02
Bilirubin > 34 μmol/L	34	9	< 0.01	4.39	1.82-10.62
PT (s)	15.7 ± 2.4	20.1 ± 3.5	< 0.01
PT > 18 s	43	20	< 0.01	19.07	7.21-45.30

EVL: Endoscopic variceal ligation; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AKP: Alkaline phosphatase; PT: Prothrombin time; OR: Odds ratio.

Table 2 Univariate analysis for endoscopic data

Variable	Non-rebleeding (n = 316)	Rebleeding (n = 26)	P-value	Odds ratio	95% CI
Esophageal varices grade
Mild	11	0	< 0.01
Moderate	179	0
Severe	126	26
Number of varies	3.2 ± 0.8	4.5 ± 0.6	< 0.01
Extent of esophageal varies
Middle and lower section	281	4	< 0.01	44.16	14.38-135.58
Whole	35	22
Red sign	267	26	0.04
Gastric varies	91	25	< 0.01	61.81	8.25-462.97
Portal hypertensive gastropathy	85	23	< 0.01	20.84	6.10-71.18
Number of rubber bands	5.1 ± 0.9	6.5 ± 0.5	< 0.01	22.00	6.46-74.96

Table 3 Medication after endoscopic variceal ligation

Medication	Non-rebleeding (n = 316)	Rebleeding (n = 26)	P
Proton pump inhibitor	305	26	1
Somatostatin/octreotide	203	26	< 0.01
β-blocker	34	2	1
Sucralfate	176	20	0.04

Table 4 Multivariate analysis

Risk factor	P-value	OR	95% CI
Ascites (moderate to excessive)	< 0.001	62.83	9.39-420.56
Number of rubber bands	< 0.001	17.36	4.00-75.34
Extent of esophageal varies	0.002	15.41	2.84-83.52
Prothrombin time > 18 s	0.007	11.35	1.93-66.70

OR: Odds ratio.