Risk factors for residual tumor after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Main characteristics of 766 hepatocellular carcinoma patients with (Group 1) or without (Group 2) residual tumor n (%)

Characteristics		Group 1	Group 2	χ2	P-value
Sex	Female	11 (17.46)	96 (13.66)	0.6964	> 0.05
	Male	52 (82.54)	607 (86.34)
Age (yrs)	≤ 30	3 (4.76)	17 (2.42)	1.2490	> 0.05
	30-60	48 (76.19)	549 (78.09)
	> 60	12 (19.05)	137 (19.49)
Child-Pugh score	Class A	62 (98.41)	692 (98.44)	0.0002	> 0.05
	Class B	1 (1.59)	11 (1.56)
Cirrhotic nodule	No	7 (11.11)	121 (17.21)	1.5462	> 0.05
	Yes	56 (88.89)	582 (82.79)
HBsAg	Negative	8 (12.70)	90 (12.80)	0.0006	> 0.05
	Positive	55 (87.30)	613 (87.20)
ALT level1, U/L	≤ 80	57 (90.48)	621 (88.34)	0.2605	> 0.05
	> 80	6 (9.52)	82 (11.66)
GGT level1, U/L	≤ 60	24 (38.10)	367 (52.20)	4.6062	< 0.05
	> 60	39 (61.90)	336 (47.80)
AFP level, ng/mL	≤ 20	8 (12.70)	259 (36.84)	16.0745	< 0.01
	20-400	20 (31.75)	192 (27.31)
	≥ 400	35 (55.56)	252 (35.85)
Tumor size2, cm	≤ 2	3 (4.76)	82 (11.66)	23.3257	< 0.01
	2-5	19 (30.16)	333 (47.37)
	5-8	15 (23.81)	166 (23.61)
	> 8	26 (41.27)	122 (17.35)
Capsule	complete/present	31 (49.21)	390 (55.48)	0.9183	> 0.05
	incomplete/absent	32 (50.79)	313 (44.52)
Microvascular invasion	No	30 (47.62)	472 (67.14)	9.7556	< 0.01
	Yes	33 (52.38)	231 (32.86)
Tumor number	solitary nodule	49 (77.78)	597 (84.92)	3.8413	> 0.05
	2 nodules	13 (20.63)	86 (12.23)
	3 nodules	1 (1.59)	20 (2.84)
Cell differentiation grade	GradeI-II	41 (65.08)	506 (71.98)	1.3475	> 0.05
	Grade III-IV	22 (34.92)	197 (28.02)
pTNM staging	Stage I	21 (33.33)	409 (58.18)	15.1735	< 0.01
	Stage II	34 (53.97)	250 (35.56)
	Stage III A	8 (12.70)	44 (6.26)
BCLC classification	Stage A	49 (77.78)	607 (86.34)	3.4501	> 0.05
	Stage B	14 (22.22)	96 (13.66)

¹ALT value (normal value, ≤ 75 IU/L), using 80 IU/L as cutoff, and GGT level > 60 IU/L (normal range, 11–50 IU/L) was used as the elevated level [7].

²Tumor size: Diameter of the largest nodule was used as tumor size when multiple.

Table 2 Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis of independent risk factors related to residual tumor

Risk factor		Coefficient	OR (95% CI)	P-value
AFP level (ng/mL)	≤ 20 = 0	0.52	1.68 (1.20-2.36)	< 0.01
	20-400 = 1
	> 400 = 2
Tumor size (cm)	≤ 2 = 0	0.55	1.73 (1.29-2.31)	< 0.01
	2-5 = 1
	5-8 = 2
	> 8 = 3
Microvascular invasion	No = 0	0.65	1.91 (1.12-3.24)	0.02
	Yes = 1