Genetic variants involved in gallstone formation and capsaicin metabolism, and the risk of gallbladder cancer in Chilean women

Table 1 Demographic characteristics and food intake frequency of study subjects (mean ± SD)

	Controls n = 70	GS patients n = 119	GBC patients n = 57	P value
				Control vs GS	GS vs GBC	Control vs GBC
Age (yr)	45.8 ± 14.1	42.7 ± 9.2	56.5 ± 11.2	NS	P < 0.001	P < 0.001
Height (m)	1.56 ± 0.07	1.57 ± 0.07	1.54 ± 0.06	NS	NS	NS
Weight (kg)	72.1 ± 15.5	69.3 ± 12.8	64.1 ± 12.8	NS	NS	NS
BMI (kg/m2)	29.5 ± 6.1	28.2 ± 4.8	27.3 ± 5.6	NS	NS	NS
Chili pepper	0.8 ± 1.0	0.9 ± 1.1	1.7 ± 1.4	NS	P < 0.05	P < 0.01
Beef	1.2 ± 0.6	1.5 ± 0.7	1.8 ± 0.5	NS	NS	P < 0.01
Pork	0.8 ± 0.6	1.0 ± 0.8	1.4 ± 0.8	NS	P < 0.05	P < 0.01
Chicken	1.6 ± 0.6	2.0 ± 0.8	2.0 ± 0.5	P < 0.01	NS	NS
Fish	1.0 ± 0.6	1.1 ± 0.6	1.5 ± 0.7	NS	P < 0.05	P < 0.01
Fried food	1.0 ± 0.9	1.3 ± 1.1	2.2 ± 1.1	NS	P < 0.001	P < 0.001
Butter	2.3 ± 1.5	2.6 ± 1.6	3.2 ± 1.1	NS	NS	P < 0.05
Cheese	1.1 ± 1.0	1.1 ± 0.9	2.0 ± 1.0	NS	P < 0.001	P < 0.001

Food intake was grouped into the following 5 categories, and a sequence number was assigned to each category: (0) never; (1) 1-3 times/mo or less; (2) 1-3 times/wk; (3) 4-6 times/wk; and (4) everyday. Data on height, weight, and food intake was collected from 70 controls, 119 GS patients, and 26 GBC patients. Data were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Scheffe’s multiple comparison test. GS: Gallstone; GBC: Gallbladder cancer; BMI: Body mass index; NS: No significant difference.

Table 2 Association of the apo B rs693 polymorphism with gallbladder cancer risk

Genotypes and alleles	Frequency (%)		Age-adjusted OR	95% CI	P value
	Controls	GS patients
C/C	25 (35.7)	41 (34.5)	1.0
C/T	31 (44.3)	65 (54.6)	1.27	0.66-2.47	NS
T/T	14 (20.0)	13 (10.9)	0.59	0.24-1.45	NS
C	81 (57.9)	147 (61.8)	1.0
T	59 (42.1)	91 (38.2)	0.85	0.56-1.30	NS
	PHWE = 0.442	PHWE = 0.088
	Controls	GBC patients
C/C	25 (35.7)	30 (52.6)	1.0
C/T	31 (44.3)	24 (42.1)	0.67	0.30-1.51	NS
T/T	14 (20.0)	3 ( 5.3)	0.14	0.03-0.63	0.010
C	81 (57.9)	84 (73.7)	1.0
T	59 (42.1)	30 (26.3)	0.49	0.29-0.84	0.010
		PHWE = 0.516
	GS patients	GBC patients
C/C	41 (34.5)	30 (52.6)	1.0
C/T	65 (54.6)	24 (42.1)	0.70	0.31-1.59	NS
T/T	13 (10.9)	3 ( 5.3)	0.14	0.02-1.05	NS
C	147 (61.8)	84 (73.7)	1.0
T	91 (38.2)	30 (26.3)	0.58	0.35-0.94	0.028

NS: No significant difference; P_HWE: P for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test.

Table 3 Association of the CETP rs708272 polymorphism with gallbladder cancer risk

Genotypes and alleles	Frequency (%)		Age-adjusted OR	95% CI	P value
	Controls	GS patients
C/C	18 (25.7)	42 (35.3)	1.0
C/T	40 (57.2)	57 (47.9)	0.60	0.30-1.19	NS
T/T	12 (17.1)	20 (16.8)	0.68	0.27-1.70	NS
C	76 (54.3)	141 (59.2)	1.0
T	64 (45.7)	97 (40.8)	0.82	0.54-1.24	NS
	PHWE = 0.204	PHWE = 0.930
	Controls	GBC patients
C/C	18 (25.7)	16 (28.1)	1.0
C/T	40 (57.2)	23 (40.3)	0.75	0.30-1.93	NS
T/T	12 (17.1)	18 (31.6)	1.80	0.62-5.26	NS
C	76 (54.3)	55 (48.2)	1.0
T	64 (45.7)	59 (51.8)	1.27	0.78-2.09	NS
		PHWE = 0.147
	GS patients	GBC patients
C/C	42 (35.3)	16 (28.1)	1.0
C/T	57 (47.9)	23 (40.3)	1.31	0.52-3.28	NS
T/T	20 (16.8)	18 (31.6)	5.04	1.43-17.8	0.012
C	141 (59.2)	55 (48.2)	1.0
T	97 (40.8)	59 (51.8)	1.56	0.99-2.44	NS

CETP: Cholesteryl ester transfer protein.

Table 4 Effects of the combined genotypes of the apo B rs693 and CETP rs708272 polymorphisms on the risk of gallbladder cancer

Genotypes apo B-CETP	Frequency (%)		OR	95% CI	P value
	Controls	GS patients
Others	70 (95.7)	111 (93.3)	1.0		NS
C/C-T/T	3 (4.3)	8 (6.7)	1.64	0.42-6.46
	Controls	GBC patients
Others	70 (95.7)	46 (80.7)	1.0
C/C-T/T	3 (4.3)	11 (19.3)	4.75	1.16-19.4	0.030
	GS patients	GBC patients
Others	111 (93.3)	46 (80.7)	1.0
C/C-T/T	8 (6.7)	11 (19.3)	2.77	0.85-9.04	NS

Others: All remaining combinations combined.