High-dose vs low-dose proton pump inhibitors for upper gastrointestinal bleeding: A meta-analysis

Table 1 Summary assessments of the risk of bias with studies

Author	Yr	Adequate sequence generation?	Allocation concealment?	Blinding?	Incomplete outcome data addressed?	Free of other bias?	Risk of bias
Andriulli et al[16]	2008	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Low
Yüksel et al[17]	2008	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Low
Hung et al[2]	2007	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	No	No	High
Lin et al[19]	2006	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear
Cheng et al[21]	2005	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Low
Dokas et al[9]	2004	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear
Chilovi et al[24]	2003	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	High
Udd et al[8]	2001	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Low
Schonekas et al[7]	1999	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	High

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the included studies

Author	Yr	Region	Arm	No.	Age (yr)	Male/female	NSAID	Aspirin	Antico-agulant	H. pylori positive	Comorbid disease	Gastric ulcer	Duodenal ulcer	Other ulcer3	Study population
Andriulli et al[16]	2008	European	High	238	66.3 ± 15.6	151/87	75	72	NA	NA	19	88	150	0	High-risk group1
			Low	236	66.8 ± 16.7	156/80	74	82	NA	NA	30	93	143	0
Yüksel et al[17]	2008	European	High	48	60.4 ± 14.0	38/10	19	22	NA	NA	21	16	32	0	High-risk group1
			Low	49	56.3 ± 17.6	36/13	20	25	NA	NA	16	16	33	1
Hung et al[2]	2007	Asia	High	54	63.7	32/22	6	9	NA	30	NA	19	35	0	High-risk group1
			Low	49	57.8	35/14	6	5	NA	33	NA	14	35	0
Lin et al[19]	2006	Asia	High	67	67	58/9	NA	NA	NA	48	53	26	35	6	High-risk group1
			Low	66	71	57/9	NA	NA	NA	51	50	29	33	4
Cheng et al[21]	2005	Asia	High	52	62.5 ± 12.5	36/16	13	1	2	27	52	28	19	5	Comorbid illnesses
			Low	53	65.8 ± 13.8	31/22	12	3	1	21	53	29	20	4
Dokas et al[9]	2004	European	High	10	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	High-risk group1
			Low	14	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Chilovi et al[24]	2003	European	High	46	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
			Low	45	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Udd et al[8]	2001	European	High	69	63.4 ± 15.7	41/28	37	7	10	46	55	39	30	0	Unselected2
			Low	73	66.0 ± 13.3	44/29	41	16	4	45	54	38	35	0
Schonekas et al[7]	1999	European	High	82	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
			Low	86	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

¹Included peptic ulcer patiens with spurting artery, ooze, non-bleeding visible vessel or adherent clot;

²Included peptic peptic ulcer patiens with spurting artery, ooze, non-bleeding visible vessel, adherent clot or black base;

³Include both gastral and duodenal ulcer, esophagal ulcer. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; NA: Not available.

Table 3 Proton pump inhibitor regimen of the included studies

Author	Arm	Endoscopic therapy	Schedule of the PPIs
Andriulli et al[16]	High	Epinephrine injection or thermal or mechanical therapy	OME or PAN 80 mg iv bolus, 8 mg/h infusion × 3 d
	Low		OME or PAN 40 mg iv bolus 24 h × 3 d
Yüksel et al[17]	High	Epinephrine injection and thermal therapy	PAN 80 mg iv bolus, 8 mg/h infusion × 3 d
	Low		PAN 40 mg iv bolus Q12 h × 3 d
Hung et al[2]	High	Epinephrine injection or thermal therapy	PAN 80 mg iv bolus, 8 mg/h infusion × 3 d
	Low		PAN 80 mg iv bolus, 40 mg iv bolus Q12 h × 3 d
Lin et al[19]	High	Epinephrine injection	OME 40 mg infusion Q6 h × 3 d
	Low		OME 40 mg infusion Q12 h × 3 d
Cheng et al[21]	High	Epinephrine injection or thermal therapy	OME 80 mg iv bolus, 200 mg infusion 24 h × 3 d
	Low		OME 80 mg iv bolus, 80 mg infusion 24 h × 3 d
Dokas et al[9]	High	Epinephrine injection or mechanical therapy	OME 80 mg iv bolus, 160 mg infusion Q24 h × 3 d
	Low		OME 40 mg iv bolus Q12 h × 3 d
Chilovi et al[24]	High	NA	PAN 80 mg iv bolus, 40 mg iv bolus Q8 h
	Low		OME 80 mg iv bolus, 40 mg
Udd et al[8]	High	Epinephrine injection or thermal or mechanical therapy	OME 80 mg iv bolus, 8 mg/h infusion × 3 d
	Low		OME 20 mg iv bolus 24 h × 3 d
Schonekas et al[7]	High	NA	PAN 40 mg iv bolus 8 mg/h infusion × 3 d
	Low		PAN 40 mg iv bolus Q24 h × 3 d

PPIs: Proton pump inhibitors; OME: Omeprazole; PAN: Pantoprazole.