Anti-inflammatory efficiency of levobupivacaine in an experimental colitis model

Table 1 Macroscopic scoring of mucosal damage in colitis[15]

Macroscopic damage	Score
Ulceration and inflammation
None	0
Local hyperemia, no ulcer	1
One site of ulcer not accompanied by congestion or thickening of the intestinal wall	2
One site of ulcer accompanied by inflammation	3
≥ 2 sites of ulcer accompanied by inflammation	4
1 cm > inflammed segment + ulcer site ≥ 2	5
1 cm < inflammed segment + ulcer site ≥ 2	6
2 cm ≤ inflammed segment (the score increases 1 with each 1 cm enlargement of the inflammed segment)	7-10
Adhesions
None	0
Mild (easy to seperate colon from other tissues)	1
Severe	2
Diarrhea
None	0
Present	1

Table 2 Microscopic scoring of colitis[15]

Histological lesion	Score
Ulcer
None	0
Ulcer < 3 mm	1
Ulcer > 3 mm	2
Inflammation
None	0
Mild	1
Severe	2
Granuloma
None	0
Present	1
Depth of the disease
None	0
Submucosal layer	1
Muscular layer	2
Serosal layer	3
Fibrosis
None	0
Mild	1
Severe	2

Table 3 Comparison of study groups

	Sham	Budesonide	Levobupivacaine	Saline	P
Weight loss	10 (0-20)	10 (0-25)	10 (0-20)	0 (0-10)	0.016
Macroscopic damage score	0 (0-1)	1(0-4)	2 (0-5)	4.5 (2-9)	0.001
Microscopic damage score	0 (0-0.66)	1.33 (0-3.33)	0 (0-5.66)	1.66 (0-4.33)	0.014
IL-6	0 (0-38.59)	37.6 (20.3-85.4)	32.3 (0-43.8)	31.9 (7.7-144.8)	0.004
TNF-α	0.1 (0-3.7)	0.5 (0.2-45.7)	0.2 (0.1-312)	0.5 (0.2-255.9)	0.152

TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin.