Decreased levels of plasma adiponectin associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer

Table 1 Background of the male patients examined by colonoscopy n (%)

	Control (n = 26)	Adenoma (n = 47)	Early cancer (n = 34)	Advanced cancer (n = 17)	P-value
Age (yr)	67.9 ± 12.4	65.1 ± 11.7	67.0 ± 8.8	66.5 ± 7.8	0.810
Diabetes	1 (3.8)	6 (12.8)	2 (5.9)	2 (11.8)	0.523
Smokers
Current-	9 (34.6)	18 (38.2)	13 (38.2)	7 (41.8)	0.977
Ex-	6 (8.5)	14 (21.7)	10 (15.8)	2 (11.0)	0.480
Alcohol	15 (57.7)	30 (63.8)	27 (79.4)	14 (82.4)	0.151
NSAIDs	2 (7.7)	2 (4.3)	1 (3.0)	0 (0)	0.631
Other meds	6 (23.1)	11 (23.4)	8 (23.5)	3 (17.6)	0.965
BMI (kg/m2)	21.8 ± 3.1	23.2 ± 3.2	24.4 ± 3.8a	22.7 ± 3.8	0.025
BP-S (mmHg)	123 ± 14	129 ± 14	129 ± 13	133 ± 20	0.193
BP-D (mmHg)	76 ± 12	76 ± 10	78 ± 10	81 ± 11	0.331

NSAIDs: Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug; Other meds: Other medicines such as angiotensin receptor antagonists, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors; BMI: Body mass index; BP-S: Systolic blood pressure; BP-D: Diastolic blood pressure. Age, BMI, BP-S and BP-D are expressed as the mean ± SD and P-value was evaluated by analysis of variance. BMI was additionally evaluated by Dunnett’s test (^aP = 0.015). Diabetes (without insulin injections), current smoker, ex-smoker, alcohol habit (ethanol intake more than 15 g/d on average) and NSAID users and Other Meds. users are expressed as the number of patients, and P values were evaluated by χ² test.

Table 2 Evaluation of risks for adenoma

	Criteria	(Case/Cont)		Univariate analysis OR (95% CI)	P value	Multivariate analysis OR (95% CI)	P value
		Low	High
BMI (kg/m2)	< 22.5, ≥ 22.5	18/14	29/10	2.256 (0.828-6.145)	0.112	1.432 (0.434-4.729)	0.556
BP-S (mmHg)	< 120, ≥ 120	14/14	33/12	1.030 (0.998-1.074)	0.073	1.576 (0.463-5.370)	0.467
BP-D (mmHg)	< 80, ≥ 80	32/18	15/8	1.055 (0.375-2.967)	0.920
Glucose (mg/dL)	< 100, ≥ 100	27/14	19/10	0.992 (0.976-1.008)	0.328
Insulin (ng/mL)	< 4.5, ≥ 4.5	12/12	35/14	1.033 (0.989-1.091)	0.249
HOMA-IR	< 2, ≥ 2	27/15	19/9	1.173 (0.426-3.232)	0.758
T-cho (mg/dL)	< 180, ≥ 180	19/13	27/10	1.005 (0.992-1.019)	0.449
TG (mg/dL)	< 120, ≥ 120	25/19	21/4	3.990 (1.173-13.570)	0.027a	2.713 (0.707-10.410)	0.146
hsCRP (ng/mL)	< 500, ≥ 500	20/16	27/10	2.160 (0.811-5.750)	0.123
IGF-1/IGFBP-3	< 60, ≥ 60	29/15	18/11	0.846 (0.319-2.245)	0.074
Adiponectin (μg/mL)	< 11, ≥ 11	40/12	7/14	6.667 (2.190-20.300)	0.001b	5.762 (1.683-19.739)	0.005b
Leptin (ng/mL)	< 3, ≥ 3	17/13	30/13	1.765 (0.668-4.665)	0.252
Resistin (ng/mL)	< 42, ≥ 42	17/13	30/13	1.184 (0.524-3.642)	0.514

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; TG: Triglyceride; T-cho: Total cholesterol; hs-CRP: High sensitivity C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IGF-1/IGFBP-3: Ratio of insulin-like growth factor-1 and IGF binding protein-3; Cont: Numbers of control persons; Case: Numbers of patients. The OR (High vs Low) was evaluated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Only the OR of adiponectin was inversely evaluated (Low vs High). Multivariate analysis included age, BMI, BP-S, TG, and adiponectin.

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01.

Table 3 Evaluation of risks for early cancer

	Criteria	(Case/Cont)		Univariate analysis OR (95% CI)	P value	Multivariate analysis OR (95% CI)	P value
		Low	High
BMI (kg/m2)	< 22.5, ≥ 22.5	8/14	24/10	4.200 (1.344-13.128)	0.014a	2.814 (0.746-10.620)	0.127
BP-S (mmHg)	< 120, ≥ 120	11/14	22/12	2.333 (0.810-6.718)	0.116	1.702 (0.461-6.281)	0.425
BP-D (mmHg)	< 80, ≥ 80	21/18	12/8	1.286 (0.431-3.839)	0.653
Glucose (mg/dL)	<100, ≥ 100	15/14	18/10	1.680 (0.581-4.859)	0.338
Insulin (ng/mL)	< 4.5, ≥ 4.5	12/13	21/14	1.500 (0.526-4.276)	0.448
HOMA-IR	< 2, ≥ 2	13/15	17/9	1.771 (0.606-5.173)	0.296
T-cho (mg/dL)	< 180, ≥ 180	13/15	18/8	1.560 (0.534-4.557)	0.416
TG (mg/dL)	< 120, ≥ 120	18/19	15/4	3.958 (1.103-14.201)	0.035a	2.705 (0.596-12.283)	0.197
hsCRP (ng/mL)	< 500, ≥ 500	16/17	17/10	1.700 (0.598-4.830)	0.319
IGF-1/IGFBP-3	< 60, ≥ 60	18/15	15/11	1.136 (0.403-3.205)	0.809
Adiponectin (μg/mL)	< 11, ≥ 11	27/12	5/14	6.300 (1.847-21.485)	0.003b	4.495 (1.090-18.528)	0.038a
Leptin (ng/mL)	< 3, ≥ 3	8/14	24/13	3.000 (0.989-7.100)	0.052
Resistin (ng/mL)	< 42, ≥ 42	14/12	16/14	0.980 (0.324-2.808)	0.969

The OR (High vs Low) was evaluated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Only the OR of adiponectin was inversely evaluated (Low vs High). Multivariate analysis included age, BMI, BP-S, TG, and adiponectin.

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01.

Table 4 Evaluation of risks for advanced cancer

	Criteria	(Case/Cont)		Univariate analysis OR (95% CI)	P value	Multivariate analysis OR (95% CI)	P value
		Low	High
BMI (kg/m2)	< 22.5, ≥ 22.5	8/14	8/10	1.400 (0.392-4.997)	0.604
BP-S (mmHg)	< 120, ≥ 120	6/14	10/12	1.944 (0.545-0.940)	0.306
BP-D (mmHg)	< 80, ≥ 80	5/19	11/8	4.950 (1.289-19.014)	0.020a	5.015 (1.159-21.696)	0.031a
Glucose (mg/dL)	<100, ≥ 100	6/15	10/10	2.333 (0.638-8.538)	0.201
Insulin (μU/mL)	< 4.5, ≥ 4.5	5/12	11/14	1.885 (0.510-6.978)	0.342
HOMA-IR	< 2, ≥ 2	10/15	6/9	1.000 (0.271-3.694)	1.000
T-cho (mg/dL)	< 180, ≥ 180	7/13	9/10	1.671 (0.462-6.051)	0.434
TG (mg/dL)	< 120, ≥ 120	10/19	6/4	2.850 (0.650-12.505)	0.165
hsCRP (ng/mL)	< 500, ≥ 500	5/16	11/10	3.520 (0.941-13.174)	0.062	4.184 (0.896-19.529)	0.069
IGF-1/IGFBP-3	< 60, ≥ 60	7/14	9/11	1.753 (0.499-6.165)	0.382
Adiponectin (μg/mL)	< 11, ≥ 11	11/12	5/14	2.567 (0.644-9.498)	0.158	3.355 (0.729-15.451)	0.120
Leptin (ng/mL)	< 3, ≥ 3	11/13	5/13	0.455 (0.123-1.680)	0.237
Resistin (ng/mL)	< 42, ≥ 42	9/12	7/14	0.667 (0.190-2.334)	0.526

The OR (High vs Low) was evaluated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Only the OR of adiponectin was inversely evaluated (Low vs High). Multivariate analysis included age, BP-D, hsCRP, and adiponectin.

^aP < 0.05.