A comparative review of HLA associations with hepatitis B and C viral infections across global populations

Table 1 Association of HLA alleles with Chronic HBV infection across global population

HLA	Effect	Country and cases	Healthy controls	Recovered	Chronic infection	Reference
HLAI
HLA A*0206	VP	Taiwan (Taiwanese borigines)	34	229	138	[4]
HLA B-35	VP	Taiwan (Han Chinese)	98	324	98	[4]
HLA A*2	VP/Disease severity	Japan				[8]
HLA B18, B35, B40, Cw3	Susceptibility to chronic HBV infection	Russia				[5]
HLA A3, B18	Susceptibility to chronic HBV infection	Kazakh				[5]
HLA: B8-Cw7 haplotype	Liver cancer associated with HBV infection	Senegal	96		98	[6]
HLA B*8	VP	USA (Caucasians)		342	194	[7]
HLA A*01-B*08-DRB1*03, B*44-Cw*1601 and B*44-Cw*0501 haplotype	VP	USA (Caucasians)		342	194	[7]
HLA II
HLA DRB1*1202#	VP	Taiwan (Han Chinese)	98	324	98	[4]
HLA DQA1*0302	VP	China		148 (R), 212 (AC)	207	[113]
HLA DRB1*0301, DQA1*0501, DQB1*0301	VP	China	106	30	54	[10]
HLA DR9, DQ9	VP	China		56	30	[11]
HLA-DRB1*06, DRB1*08, and DRB1*16	VP	China	200		72	[14]
HLA DR9	VP	Korea (ESRD patients)	946	243	83	[19]
HLA DRB1*11# and DRB1*15	VP	India	100		26	[12]
HLA DQA1 *0501, DQB1 *0301	VP	USA (African American)		60	31	[18]
HLA DR3	Susceptibility to HBV infection & vertical transmission	China (Pregnant women)	40		78	[15]
HLA-DRB1*1201/1202#	Susceptibility to liver cirrhosis	China (Cirrhosis subjects from Hubei area)	108		116	[13]
HLA B13, B8, DR7, DR13, DQ3	Susceptibility to chronic HBV infection	Turkey	50		50	[9]
HLA DQA1 0501, DQB1 0301, DRB1 1102# haplotype	VP	USA (African American)		60	31	[18]

VP: viral persistence/chronic infection; AC: Asymptomatic carriers; Common VP alleles: DQB1*0301, #: DRB1*11/12; ESRD: End stage renal disease; R: Recovered; HBV Hepatitis B virus.

Table 2 Association of HLA allele with protection from chronic HBV infection across global population

HLA	Effect	Country and cases	NC	R	CI	Reference
HLAIHLA B61	Early HBeAg seroconversion	Taiwan (chronically infected children)			81	[114]
HLA A*26	No disease progression in HBV carriers	Japan				[8]
HLA A-24 and Cw1	Low risk for HBV related chronic disease	Turkey	50		50	[9]
HLA A2	VC	Russia				[5]
HLA A11	VC	Kazakh				[5]
HLA A*0301	VC	USA (Caucasians)		342	194	[7]
HLA II
HLA DRB1*4001	VC	Taiwan (Taiwanese Aborigines)	98	324	98	[4]
HLA DRB1*0406, DRB1*0701	VC	Taiwan (Han Chinese)	98	324	98	[4]
HLA DQA1*0301, DQA1*0102	VC/AC	China		148 (R) & 212 (AC)	207	[113]
HLA DRB1*1101/ *1104, DQA1*0301	VC	China	106	30	54	[10]
HLA DR12 (DRB1*1201)	VC	China		56	30	[11]
HLA-DRB1*07	VC/Protection from HBV infection.	China	200		72	[14]
HLA DR6 (DRB1*13)	VC	Korea (ESRD patients)	946	243	83	[19]
HLA DRB1*13	VC	India	100		26	[12]
HLA DRB1*1301 and DRB1*1302	VC	Gambia (children & Adult men)	891 & 25	218 & 195	185 & 40	[110]
HLA DRB1*1301/1302	VC	Spain	24	11	38	[115]
HLA DRB1*1301/1302	VC	Germany	101		117	[116]
HLA DR13 (DRB1*13)	VC	Germany	208	33	32	[117]
HLA DQB1*0503	Early HBeAg seroconversion	Taiwan (Chronically infected children)			81	[114]
HLA DR13	Resistance to HBV infection & vertical transmission	China (Pregnant women)	40		78	[15]
HLA-DRB1*1501/1502	Protection from liver cirrhosis	China (Cirrhosis subjects from Hubei area)	108		116	[13]
HLA DR5	No disease progression in HBV carriers	Japan				[8]

VC: Viral clearance/self limiting infection, AC: Asymptomatic carriers; Common VC alleles: DRB1*13; ESRD: End Stage Renal Disease; R: Recovered; HBV:Hepatitis B virus

Table 3 HLA allele association with Non-responsiveness to HBsAg vaccine across global population

HLA	Effect	Country	Vaccinees	Rs	NRs	Reference
HLAIHLA B54	Non- responsiveness	China	Healthy vaccinees	30	29	[118]
HLA A*0602, A*1101 and B*35	Non-responsiveness/ antibody production	Japan	Healthy medical students			[35]
HLA A1, A10, B15, B40.	Non responsiveness	India	Healthy volunteers	15 of 87 Rs	15	[37]
HLA A10, CW4	Non-responsiveness	Turkey	Health care workers		12	[119]
HLA A1, B8	Non-responsiveness	Germany, Poland	ESRD Patients on hemodialysis	119	34	[44,46]
HLA B8	Non-responsiveness	Belgium	Homosexual vaccinees	39	9	[120]
HLA A2	Non-responsiveness	Spain	Hemodialysis patients			[121]
HLA II HLA DR7##	Non- responsiveness	China	Healthy vaccinees	30	29	[118]
HLA DRB1*07##	Non-responsiveness	China (Han)	Healthy vaccinees	145	118	[122]
HLA DR14, DR52	Non- responsiveness	Chinese (Taiwan)	Non responder vaccinees		26	[123]
HLA DRB1*0405, DRB1*1101, DR4	Non-responsiveness/ antibody production	Japan	Healthy medical students			[35]
HLA DQ2$	Non responsiveness	India	Healthy volunteers	15 of 87	15	[37]
HLA DR7#	Non-responsiveness	Turkey	Health care workers		12	[119]
HLA DR3, DQ2$	Non-responsiveness	Germany, Poland	ESRD Patients on hemodialysis	119	34	[44,46]
HLA DR3	Non-responsiveness	Belgium	Homosexual vaccinees	39	9	[120]
HLA DRB1*07#, *DQB1*02$, and DPB1*1101	Non-responsiveness	Belgium	Vaccinees	134	117	[39]
HLA DRB1*03, DRB1*14	Non-responsiveness	France	Hemodialysis patients	301	114	[124]
HLA DRB1*1302, DQB1*0604, DQA1*0102	Non-responsiveness	Sweden	Healthy vaccinees	69	53	[48]
HLA DRB1*0701#, DQB1*0202$	Non-responsiveness	UK	Vaccinees	117	86	[125]
HLA DRB1*0701#, DQB1*0202$	Non-responsiveness	UK	HBsAg Non responders			[45]
HLA DQB1*02$	Non-responsiveness	Italy	Neonates	76	49LR, 43SR 19TNR	[34]
HLA DRB1*1601, DQB1*0502, DQA1*0102 Haplotype	Non-responsiveness	Slovenia	Health care workers	60	36	[126]
HLA DR3, DR7#, DQ2$	Non-responsiveness	Spain	Hemodialysis patients			[121]
HLA DRB1*3, DRB1*7, DRB1*14x	Non-responsiveness	Germany	Healthy adults & Infant vaccinees	53 & 56	73 & 62	[127]
HLA-B8, SC01, DR3 and HLA B44-FC31, DR7#	Non-responsiveness	USA	Healthcare worker		20	[33,49]
HLA DRB1*07#	Non-responsiveness	USA	Healthy vaccinees	85	79	[128]
HLA III HLA C4A*6, C4A*Q0##, Bf*F, Bf*S07	Non-responsiveness	Germany, Poland	ESRD Patients on hemodialysis	119	34	[46]
HLA C4AQ0##	Non-responsiveness	Italy	Neonates	40	26LR, 21SR, 10TNR	[41]
HLA C4AQ0##	Non-responsiveness	Italy	Neonates	76	49LR, 43SR 19TNR	[34]
HLA C4AQ0##	Non-responsiveness	Germany	Healthy vaccinees	53	73	[42]

Rs: Responders; NRs: Non-responders; ESRD: End stage renal disease; LR: Low responders, SR: Slow responders; TNR: Total non-responders. Common HLA alleles $: DQ2, #: DR7, ##: C4AQ0, DR3.

Table 4 HLA association with responsiveness to HBsAg vaccine across global population

HLA	Effect	Country	Vaccinees	Rs	NRs	Reference
HLAI, HLA A1, B7, B12	Responsiveness (Low)	Germany Poland	ESRD Patients on hemodialysis	119	34	[46]
HLA A1, A19, B5, B27, Cw2, Cw4	Responsiveness (High)	Germany Poland	ESRD Patients on hemodialysis	119	34	[46]
HLA II, HLA DRB1*02	Responsive	China (Han)	Healthy vaccinees	145	118	[122]
HLA DRB1*0101, DRB1*08032, DQA1, DQB1, DPA1 and DPB1	Responsiveness	Japan	Healthy medical students			[35]
HLA DR4	Responsiveness (Low)	Germany, Poland	ESRD Patients on hemodialysis	119	34	[46]
HLA DRB1*010, DR5, DPB1*040, DQB1*0301, DQB1*0501.	Responsiveness	Belgium	Vaccinees	134	117	[39]
HLA DRB1*01, *DRB1*15# and DRB1*16	Responsiveness	France	Hemodialysis patients	301	114	[124]
HLA DRB1*1301, *DR15#, DQA1*0103, DQA1*0102, DQB1*0603,	Responsiveness	Sweden	Healthy vaccinees	69	53	[48]
HLA DRB1*11, DQB1*0301	Responsiveness	Italy	Neonates	76	49LR, 43SR 19TNR	[34]
HLA DRB1*1 DRB1*13, *DRB1*15#	Responsiveness	Germany	Healthy adults & infant vaccinees	109	135	[127]
HLA III C4A*6, C4B*2, Bf*F	Responsiveness (High)	Germany Poland	ESRD Patients on hemodialysis	119	34	[46]

Rs: Responders; NRs: Non-responders, ESRD: End stage Renal Disease, LR: Low responders, SR: Slow responders, TNR-total non-responders common HLA alleles: DRB1*01, #: DR15.

Table 5 Association of HLA haplotypes with response to HbsAg vaccination across global population

HAPLOTYPE	Effect	Country	Vaccinees	Rs	NRs	References
HLA DR4, 1122 (DRB1*0401-22, 1122)- DR53 (DRB4*0101101, 0102/3)-DQB4 (DQB1*04)	Non-responsiveness	China				[129]
HLA DR14-DR52	Non-responsiveness	Chinese (Taiwan)	Non-responder vaccinees		33	[123]
HLA A1, B8, Bfs, C4AQ0, C4B1, DR3, DQ2 and HLA A1, B8, BfF, C4A6, C4B2, DR3, DQ2	Non-responsiveness	Germany, Poland	ESRD Patients on hemodialysis	34	119	[46]
HLA DRB4*0101-DRB1*0301/DRB3* *0101 DQB1*0202 and DPB1*0201 DRB1*0701/DRB4*0101, DQB1*020*	Non-responsiveness	Belgium	Vaccinees	134	117	[39]
HLA DQB1*0604, DQA1*0102, DRB1*1302 haplotype	Non-responsiveness	Sweden	Healthy vaccinees	69	53	[48]
HLA C4A*Q0, DRB1*0301, DQB1*02	Non-responsiveness	Italy	Neonates	40	26LR, 21SR 10TNR	[41]
HLA C4AQ0, DQB1*02	Non-responsiveness	Italy	Neonates	76	49LR, 43SR 19TNR	[34]
HLA B44-DRB1*0701-DQB1*0202	Non-responsiveness	UK	Vaccinees	117	86	[125]
HLA DRB1*1601, DQB1*0502, DQA1*0102 haplotype	Non-responsiveness	Slovenia	Health care workers	60	36	[126]
HLA B8-DR3	Non-responsiveness	Germany	Healthy adult & infant vaccinees	109	135	[127]
HLA DQB1*0603, DQA1*0102, DR15 and HLA DQB1*0603, DQA1*0103, DRB1*1301 haplotype	Responsiveness	Sweden	Healthy vaccinees	69	53	[48]
HLA DRB1*11, DQB1*0301	Responsiveness	Italy	Neonates	76	49LR, 43SR 19TNR	[34]

ESRD: End stage renal disease. Rs: Responders; NRs: Non responders; LR Low responders; SR: Slow responders, TNR: Total non-responders.

Table 6 Association of HLA alleles with susceptibility to viral persistence &chronic HCV infection across global population

HLA	Effect	Country	NC	R	Chronicinfection		Reference
					AC	CLD/CHC
HLAIHLA-B61, Cw3,	VP/HCV infection	Japan	293			60	[69]
HLA B54	VP with CLD	Japan	916		33	97	[68]
HLA B55, -B56, B70	VP	Japan	172			113	[59]
HLA A3, B-35, B-46	VP	Korea	206			137	[109]
HLA A28, A29, B14	HCV infection	Egypt					[55]
HLA A-19	HCV infection	Saudi people.	122			146	[54]
HLA-A10, HLA-B35, HLA-B40 and HLA-Cw3	VP-CLD	Russia					[5]
HLA-A30, B35, B41, Cw2, A1-B35, A9-B8	VP-CLD-LC	Russia				107	[57]
HLA B8, B18	VP-CHC	Ireland		86		141	[60]
HLA C*04	VP	Ireland (Whites)		86		139	[56]
HLA B14	VP & active hepatitis C	Italy	489			117	[130]
HLA B18	Susceptibility to CLD	Spain	116		48	93	[131]
HLA-A*2301 and HLA-Cw*04	VP	USA		231		444	[58]
HLA-Cw*07,	Risk factor for vertical infection	Italy (infants born to HCV+ mothers)	44 uninfected infants born to HCV+ mothers			21	[16]
HLA II HLA DR4, DQB1*0401 DQB1*0402	VP/ HCV infection	Japan	293			60	[69]
HLA DRB1*0405, DQB1*0401	VP with CLD	Japan	916		33	97	[68]
HLA DRB1*0405, DQB1*0401	VP with LC	Japan	1216		50	67	[70]
HLA DQB1*0503	VP with LC	Japan	201		43	60	[132]
HLA DRB1*0301#, DQB1*0201, DQB1*0502	VP/CHC	Thailand	140	43	21	36	[133]
HLA, DRB1*0803, DQB1*0601 and DQB1*0604	VP	Korea	206			137	[109]
HLA DRB1*0301#	VP	Egypt (Hemophilic and HCV-, HCC+ patients)	15 Healthy & 25 HCV-		10 HCV+	15 (HCV- HCC+)	[134]
HLA DR7	HCV infection	Egypt					[55]
HLA-DRB1*0701, DRB1*15, DRB4*0101	Viral persistence	UK (European)		85		170	[135]
HLA DQB1*0201	VP-CHC	Ireland		86		141	[60]
HLA DRB1*0701 (HCV 1b)	VP	Ireland (females receiving HCV 1b contaminated AntiD immunoglobulin)		84		72	[136]
HLA DRB1*1001, DRB1*1101	VP/CLD	Italy	179		41	99	[137]
HLA DQB1*0502	VP-CLD	Italy	200	35	42	107	[138]
HLA DR14, DR17	VP-CLD	Italy	70		34	39	[139]
HLA DRB1*0301	VP-CHC	Germany	101			105	[140]
HLA DRB1*07	VP-CLD	German & North Europeans	2045			99	[94]
HLA DR B1*13 and DRB1*14	Susceptibility to infection	German & North Europeans	2045			99	[94]
HLA DR3#	Susceptibility to chronic disease	Spain	116		48	93	[131]
HLA DRB1*13 and DRB1*07	Necro inflammatory activity during infection	Poland				134	[95]
HLA DRB1*13 allele	VP	Poland				134	[95]
DRB1*03# and DQB1*0201(male gender)	CLD/LC	France				233	[141]
HLA G*010401, -DRB1*0701, -DRB1*1401 and homozygosity for HLA-G 14bp deletion	Risk factor for vertical infection	Italy(infants born to HCV+ mothers)	44 uninfected infants born to HCV+ mothers			21	[16]
HLA DRB*4001	High viral load	Taiwan					[142]
HLA III MICA-A4	Susceptibility to CLD	Spain	116		48	93	[131]

VP: Viral persistence/chronic infection; CHC: Chronic hepatitis C; CLD: Chronic liver disease; NC: Normal control; R: Recovered; AC: Asymptomatic carriers; LC: Liver cirrhosis. Common VP alleles: # DRB1*03, DRB1*0701.

Table 7 Association of HLA alleles with Protection from HCV infection and viral clearance

HLA I	Effect	Country	NC	R	Chronic infection		Reference
					AC	CHC/CLD
HLAIHLA-B51, -B52, B61, -Cw1, Cw3, and Cw4	VC	Japan	172			113	[59]
HLA A2	AC	Japan	172			113	[59]
B50 (21)	VC	Egypt					[55]
HLA-B8,	Protection from infection	Saudi people	122			146	[54]
HLA-Cw4	Protection from chronic infection	Russia					[5]
HLA A*03,B*07,B*27,Cw*01	VC/Protection from chronic infection	Ireland		86		141	[60]
HLA-A*1101,HLA-B*57 and HLA-Cw*0102	Viral clearance	USA		231		444	[58]
HLA-Cw*0602	Protection against vertical infection	Italy (infants born to HCV+ ve mothers)	44 uninfected infants born to HCV+ mothers			21	[16]
HLA Bw4180/KIR3DS1	HCV carriers	Spain	116		51	47 (LC), 54 (HCC)	[64]
HLA-C1/KIR2DL3	VC/protection from infection	UK		352		685	[62]
HLA A*34,B*56	Low viral load	Taiwan					[142]
HLA II HLA-DR9- DQB1*0301 and DQB1*0303	VC/protection from HCV infection	Japan	293			60	[69]
HLA DRB1*1302, DRB1*1101## and DQB1*0604 alleles	AC/no CLD	Japan	916		33	97	[68]
HLA DRB1*12(1201/1202), DQBI*0301, DRB3*03	AC/no CLD	Japan	201		43	60	[132]
HLA DRB1*0901,DQB1*0303	AC-no LC	Japan	1216		50	67	[70]
HLA DRB1*04, DRB1*0701, DQA1*0201,DQB1*0301	VC	Thailand	140	43	21	36	[133]
HLA DRB1*0301, DQA1*0501 and DQB1*0201	VC/protection from HCV infection	Korea	206			137	[109]
HLA DRB1*0101##	VC	Egypt (Hemophilic and HCV- HCC+ ve patients)	15 Healthy & 25 HCV-		10 HCV+	15 HCV- HCC+	[134]
HLA DRI and DR3	VC/Protection from infection	Saudi people	122			146	[54]
HLA DRB1*11#	VC/Protection from infection	Turkey	43			49	[143]
HLA DQA1*03 and DQB1*0302	VC/Protection from chronic infection	N.European whites	177			104	[144]
HLA-DRB1*0301,DRB1*1101#, DRB1*1201# and HLA-DQB1*0301	Viral clearance	UK (European)		85		170	[135]
HLA DRB1*04, DQA1*03 and DQB1*0301	VC/Protection from chronic infection	UK	134	49		55	[145]
HLA DQB1*0302	Protection from infection	UK	134	49		55	[145]
HLA DRB1*01##. (HCV 1b)	VC	Ireland (females who received HCV 1b contaminated AntiD immunoglobulin)		84		72	[136]
HLA DRB1*0101##, DRB1*0401, DRB1*15	VC/Protection from chronic infection	Ireland		86		141	[60]
HLA DRB1*0101##	Viral clearance	Ireland		73		84	[78, 146]
HLA DR5#	Protection from chronic hepatitis C	Italy	489			117	[130]
HLA II HLA DRB1*1601, DQB1*0502	Protection from HCV infection	Sardinia (Thalassemia major for transfusion)	606 healthy & 30 HCV- patients			116	[147]
HLA DRB1*1104, and DRB3*03	Protection from chronic manifestation /carries	Italy	179		41	99	[137]
HLA DRB1*1104,DQB1*0301	VC	Italy	200	35	42	107	[138]
HLA DR 11	VC/Protection from infection	Italy	70		34	29	[139]
HLA DQB1*0301	Protection from HCV related HCC	Italy	144			29	[148]
HLA DRB1*1301 and DQA1*0103	Protection from chronic HCV infection	Germany	101			105	[140]
HLA-DRB1*15011	Viral clearance/ Protection	Germany		21		49	[149]
HLA-DRB1*11(DR5) and HLA-DQB1*03(DQ3)	Protection from CLD	Germany	501			108	[150]
HLA-DR11	AC/Protection from CLD	Spain	116		48	93	[131]
HLA DQB1*0301	Protection from chronic infection	Poland	103			129	[108]
HLA DRB1*11	Mild liver damage	Poland				134	[95]
HLA DQB1*0301 and DRB1*1101	VC	France	800	25		103	[74]
HLA DQB1*0301 and female sex	VC	France	800	63		282	[75]
HLA DRB1*11	Protection from progression of liver disease	France				233	[141]
HLA DRB1*11 (female association)	AC/less severity of chronic hepatitis	France			83	233	[76]
HLA DQB1*0301	VC (strongly in Black subjects)	USA		200		374	[77]
HLA DRB1*0101, DQB1*0501	VC (in white subjects)	USA		200		374	[77]
HLA DR13	Protection against vertical infection	Italy (infants born to HCV+ ve mothers)		17 (serum reverted)		18	[17]
HLA-DQB1*06, -G*0105N, DRB1*1104 and -DRB1*1302 alleles	Protection against vertical infection	Italy (infants born to HCV+ ve mothers)	44 uninfected infants born to HCV+ mothers			21	[16]
HLA DRB1*1502	Low viral load	Taiwan					[142]

VC: Viral clearance; CHC: Chronic hepatitis C; CLD: Chronic liver disease; NC: Normal control; R: Recovered; LC: Liver cirrhosis; AC: Asymptomatic carriers. Common HLA alleles #: DR5 (DRB1*11, DRB1*12 allele), ##: DRB1*0101, DQB1*0301.

Table 8 HLA Haplotype association with HCV viral clearance and persistence across global population

HLA	Effect	Country	NC	R	Chronic infection		Reference
					AC	CLC/CHC
Viral persistence
HLA Cw3- DR4-DQB1*0401 or *0402, and HLA-B61-DR4 -DQB1*0401 or 0402	VP/chronic infection	Japan	293			60	[69]
HLA B54-DRB1*0405-DQB1*0401 haplotype	VP-CLD	Japan	916		33	97	[68]
HLA DRB1*0405-DQB1*0401 haplotype	VP with LC	Japan	1216		50	67	[70]
HLA DRB1*0301, DQA1*0501, DQB1*0201	VP	Thailand	140	43	21	36	[133]
A*01-B*08-Cw*07-DRB1*03011-DQB1*0201	VP-CHC	Ireland		86		141	[60]
HLA DRB1*15-DQB1*0602	High viral load/increased risk for disease severity	Ireland (viremic females)				57	[71]
HLA A*11, C*04	VP	Ireland (Whites)		86		139	[56]
HLA DQA1*0201-DQB1*0201	Susceptibility to Chronic hepatitis C	Italy	179		41	99	[151]
HLA DR3/MICA-A4/B18	Susceptibility to chronic disease	Spain	116		48	93	[131]
HLA DRB1*0701-DQA1*0201-DQB1*02 and DRB1*1501-DQA1*01-DQB1*0602	VP-CLD	Poland	103			129	[108]
HLA DRB1*0301 -DQB1*0201	VP	USA					[77]
HLA-Cw*04-B*53	VP	USA		231		444	[58]
Viral clearance
HLA B44-DRB1*1302-DQB1*0604 and DRB1*1302-DQB1*0604	AC/no progression to CLD	Japan	916		33	97	[68]
HLA DRB1*0901-DQB1*0303	AC-no LC	Japan	1216		50	67	[70]
HLA A*03-B*07-DRB1*15-DQB1*0602 and A*02-B*27-Cw*01-DRB1*0101-DQB1*0501	VC/Protection from chronic infection	Ireland		86		141	[60]
DRB1*0701 and DQB1*02	Stable viral load/slow disease progression	Ireland (viremic females)				57	[71]
HLA DRB1*1104, DQA1*0501, DQB1*0301 haplotype	Protection from Chronic hepatitis	Italy	179		41	99	[151]
HLA DRB1*1104, DQB1*0301	VC	Italy	200	35	42	107	[138]
HLA DRB1*0101 -DQB1*0501 haplotype	Viral clearance (in white subjects)	USA		200		374	[77]

VP: Viral persistence; VC: Viral clearance; CHC: Chronic hepatitis C; CLD: Chronic liver disease; NC: Normal control; R: Recovered; AC: Asymptomatic carriers; LC: Liver cirrhosis.

Table 9 HLA association with response to interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis (B and C) patients across global population

HLA	Effect	Country	R	NR	References
Hepatitis B
HLA DQA1*0501 and DQB1*0301	Responsiveness	China	32	28	[85]
HLA-DRB1*14	Responsiveness	China	11	24	[14]
HLA DRB1*04,DQA1*0303	Non-responsiveness	China	32	28	[85]
HLA-DRB1*07 (HBV type c)	Non-responsiveness	China	7		[152]
HLA-DQB1*07	Low response	China	11	24	[14]
Hepatitis C
Non responsiveness
HLAIHLA B54	Non responsiveness	Japan	20	47	[86]
HLAII, HLA DR9	Non responsiveness	Japan			[153]
HLA DR6	Non responsiveness	Japan	21	32	[154]
HLA DRB1*04 (males and HCV1b)	Non responsiveness	China	10	11	[84]
HLA B1*13	Non responsiveness	Turkey			[155]
DRB1*07	Non responsiveness	France	50	120	[75]
Responsiveness
HLAIHLA B55, B62 and Cw3	Responsiveness	Japan	54	118	[156]
HLA B51, CW1	Responsiveness	Japan			[153]
HLA B44	Responsiveness to Interfron + Ribavirin	Spain	53	52	[87]
HLAII HLA DRB*10101	Responsiveness	Japan	32	106	[157]
HLA DR6	Responsiveness	Japan	21	32	[154]
HLA DRB1*07 (females and HCV 2b)	Responsiveness	China	10	11	[84]
HLA DR2	Responsiveness	Egypt	25	30	[158]
DQB1*06(HCV genotype 1)	Responsiveness	France	50	120	[75]
HLA DRB1*0404	Responsiveness	Canada	6	64	[88]
Haplotypes
HLA A-24-B54-DR4	Non responsiveness	Japan	20	47	[86]
HLA B7-DRB10101	Responsiveness	Japan	32	106	[157]
DRB1*0701-DQA1*0201-DQB1*02	Responsiveness	Poland	29	26	[108]