Nutritional factors and gastric cancer in Zhoushan Islands, China

Table 1 Distribution of 103 cases of gastric cancer and 133 controls according to age, gender, address and selected variables

Characteristics	Cases (n = 103)	Controls (n = 133)	χ2	P
Age (yr)
Average	3 (30-85)	60 (28-82)
≤ 45	6	20
46-55	27	32
56-65	32	38
66-75	30	38
76-85	8	5	6.40	0.172
Gender
Males	81	95
Females	22	38	1.59	0.210
Present residence1
Large islands	70	76
Medium islands	17	33
Small islands	16	24	3.20	0.202
Education (yr)
<7	43	45
7-12	58	76
≥13	2	12	5.89	0.053
Economic status
Low	46	30
Medium	32	44
High	25	51	12.15	0.002
Cigarette smoking
Ever-smokers	62	70
Non-smokers	41	63	1.35	0.246
Alcohol drinking
Ever-drinkers	58	63
Non-drinkers	45	70	1.86	0.173

¹Three categories of islands were classified according to the number of permanent residents on islands: Dinghai, Putuo, and Daishan Islands, which are the three main islands in Zhoushan, predefined as the large islands; the islands on which the number of permanent residents is over 25 000, defined as the medium islands; the residual defined as the small islands.

Table 2 Medians of daily intake of nutrients in gastric cancer cases and controls, Zhoushan, China

Nutrient/d	Males		Females		All
	Cases	Controls	Cases	Controls	Cases	Controls
	(n = 81)	(n = 95)	(n = 22)	(n = 38)	(n = 103)	(n = 133)
Total calories (kJ)	2 963.25	3 073.16	3 002.32b	2 420.08b	2 984.54	2 937.73
Macronutrients
Protein (g)	94.21	88.33	98.34a	76.92a	95.17a	85.21a
Fat (g)	61.04	65.04	56.23a	42.65a	60.60	57.48
Saturated fat (g)	8.90	9.44	6.33a	4.64a	8.70	8.44
Mono-unsaturated fat (g)	22.42	24.47	18.29	14.92	22.38	20.82
Polyunsaturated fat (g)	16.74	16.69	14.43	14.46	16.11	16.23
Fiber (g)	10.11	10.40	9.78	9.39	10.10	10.33
Carbohydrates (g)	403.36	404.93	411.34	287.31	404.19	359.27
Cholesterol (mg)	170.75	136.44	144.57a	62.56a	160.43a	115.02a
Micronutrients
Carotene (µg)	443.54b	521.48b	455.38	827.38	443.62a	555.30a
Vitamin A (µg)	135.35a	181.01a	164.59	175.70	142.13a	179.96a
Vitamin C (mg)	42.49	38.94	49.29	61.36	43.64	41.04
Vitamin E (mg)	26.12	25.64	21.54	21.46	24.82	24.95
Mineral salts
Na (mg)	6 700.32	5 074.32	7 000.52a	4 960.27a	6 734.41a	4 963.28a
Ca (mg)	464.08	448.26	560.28	460.57	478.91	448.26
Se (µg)	57.35	49.78	53.60	56.02	53.96	52.13

^aP<0.05;

^bP<0.10 vs others.

Table 3 (PDF) Odds ratios1 (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of gastric cancer in relation to quartiles of macronutrients by sex, Zhoushan, China

Nutrient/d2	Males				P fortrend	Females				P fortrend
	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4		Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4
Total calories	1.0	1.20 (0.50–2.87)	1.02 (0.39–2.64)	1.26 (0.51–3.11)	>0.10	1.0	1.45 (0.27–7.89)	1.41 (0.26–7.74)	2.75 (0.45–16.84)	>0.10
Protein	1.0	3.00 (1.02–8.85)	5.11 (1.26–20.76)	10.30 (1.83–58.12)	0.010	1.0	4.28 (0.50–36.77)	1.71 (0.13–22.37)	6.10 (0.39–94.66)	>0.10
Fat	1.0	1.29 (0.52–3.2)	1.21 (0.46–3.17)	1.01 (0.35–2.92)	>0.10	1.0	1.38 (0.21–8.9)	1.85 (0.23–14.74)	8.26 (1.03–66.51)	0.023
Saturated fat	1.0	2.51 (0.90–6.97)	2.34 (0.81–6.8)	3.24 (1.11–9.49)	0.060	1.0	0.24 (0.02–3.11)	3.34 (0.52–21.44)	3.42 (0.48–24.49)	0.094
Monounsaturated	1.0	1.62 (0.67–3.94)	1.24 (0.49–3.17)	1.17 (0.43–3.22)	>0.10	1.0	0.30 (0.03–2.59)	1.83 (0.31–10.76)	1.32 (0.17–10.4)	>0.10
fat
Polyunsaturated	1.0	1.21 (0.46–3.17)	1.72 (0.66–4.46)	0.96 (0.33–2.78)	>0.10	1.0	0.21 (0.03–1.37)	0.47 (0.09–2.57)	0.10 (0.01–0.80)	0.068
fat
Fiber	1.0	1.69 (0.58–4.92)	0.69 (0.20–2.37)	2.41 (0.51–11.52)	>0.10	1.0	1.82 (0.30–10.9)	1.9 (0.27–13.44)	0.72 (0.06–8.97)	>0.10
Carbohydrates	1.0	1.39 (0.47–4.11)	1.6 (0.41–6.27)	2.14 (0.35–13.04)	>0.10	1.0	0.94 (0.1–8.57)	3.27 (0.37–28.84)	14.78 (1.11–197.32)	0.024
Cholesterol	1.0	1.08 (0.40–2.87)	2.53 (0.99–6.44)	2.76 (1.01–7.53)	0.050	1.0	6.05 (0.53–69.17)	5.31 (0.44–63.44)	11.9 (0.97–146.53)	0.062

¹Adjusted for age, present residence, education, economic status, smoking (males only), alcoholics (males only) and total calories intake;

²Data are ORs, with 95%CIs in parentheses.

Table 4 Odds ratios (ORs)¹ and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of gastric cancer in relation to quartiles of micronutrients and mineral salts by sex, Zhoushan, China

Nutrient/d2	Q1	Males			P fortrend	Females					P fortrend
		Q2	Q3	Q4		Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4
Carotene	1.0	1.82 (0.81–4.08)	0.40 (0.12–1.35)	0.81 (0.23–2.85)	>0.10	1.0	0.37 (0.08–1.70)	0.37 (0.08–1.78)	-3		0.025
Vitamin A	1.0	0.59 (0.24–1.45)	0.91 (0.39–2.15)	0.43 (0.16–1.21)	>0.10	1.0	0.32 (0.05–2.21)	0.55 (0.10–3.14)	0.10 (0.01–0.89)		0.091
Vitamin C	1.0	1.15 (0.42–3.18)	1.40 (0.53–3.67)	0.88 (0.31–2.53)	>0.10	1.0	0.48 (0.09–2.5)	0.73 (0.15–3.6)	0.07 (0.01–0.95)		>0.10
Vitamin E	1.0	0.79 (0.29–2.11)	0.88 (0.34–2.29)	0.77 (0.26–2.26)	>0.10	1.0	0.93 (0.17–5.03)	1.32 (0.24–7.26)	0.95 (0.15–6.16)		>0.10
Na	1.0	1.36 (0.50–3.7)	0.91 (0.33–2.5)	3.22 (1.25–8.26)	0.070	1.0	3.70 (0.43–31.75)	0.75 (0.09–6.62)	8.40 (1.09–64.77)		>0.10
Ca	1.0	1.65 (0.64–4.20)	1.30 (0.46–3.62)	2.37 (0.81–6.91)	>0.10	1.0	2.30 (0.32–16.54)	3.78 (0.44–32.28)	4.79 (0.58–39.17)		>0.10
Se	1.0	0.48 (0.17–1.37)	0.78 (0.26–2.39)	1.23 (0.37–4.09)	>0.10	1.0	1.18 (0.20–6.87)	0.68 (0.11–4.23)	0.75 (0.12–4.68)		>0.10

¹Adjusted for age, present residence, education, economic status, smoking (males only), alcoholics (males only) and total calories intake;

²Data are ORs, with 95%CIs in parentheses; -³OR_Q4vsQ1 and 95%CI _Q4vsQ1 could not be calculated because of the null value of cases in the 4^th group among females.