Published online Apr 15, 2000. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v6.i2.202
Revised: January 6, 2000
Accepted: January 10, 2000
Published online: April 15, 2000
AIM: To study the agglutination pattern of Helicobacter pylori coccoid and spiral forms.
METHODS: Assays of agglutination and agglutination inhibition were applied using fifteen commercial lectins.
RESULTS: Strong agglutination was observed with mannose-specific Concanavalin A (Con A), fucose-specific Tetragonolobus purpureas (Lotus A) and N-acetyl glucosamine-specific Triticum vulgaris (WGA) lectins. Mannose and fucose specific lectins were reactive with all strains of H. pylori coccoids as compared to the spirals. Specific carbohydrates, glycoproteins and mucin were shown to inhibit H. pylori lectin-agglutination reactions. Pre-treatment of the bacterial cells with formalin and sulphuric acid did not alter the agglutination patterns with lectins. However, sodium periodate treatment of bacterial cells were shown to inhibit agglutination reaction with Con A, Lotus A and WGA lectins. On the contrary, enzymatic treatment of coccoids and spirals did not show marked inhibition of H. pylori lectin agglutination. Interes tingly, heating of H. pylori cells at 60 °C for 1 h was shown to augment the agglutination with all of the lectins tested.
CONCLUSION: The considerable differences in lectin agglutination patterns seen among the two differentiated forms of H. pylori might be attributable to the structural changes during the events of morphological transformation, resulting in exposing or masking some of the sugar residues on the cell surface. Possibility of various sugar residues on the cell wall of the coccoids may allow them to bind to different carbohydrate receptors on gastric mucus and epithelial cells. The coccoids with adherence characteristics like the spirals could aid in the pathogenic process of Helicobacter infection. This may probably lead to different clinical outcome of H. pylori associated gastroduodenal disease.
- Citation: Khin MM, Hua JS, Ng HC, Wadström T, Ho B. Agglutination of Helicobacter pylori coccoids by lectins. World J Gastroenterol 2000; 6(2): 202-209
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v6/i2/202.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v6.i2.202
Helicobacter pylori has established firmly as a human pathogen causing chronic active gastritis and peptic ulcer[1-3]. In addition, there are epidemiological data that support association between. H. pylori infection and the development of varieties of gastric cancers[4-6]. However, the pathogen etic mechanisms of H. pylori induced gastroduodenal disease are not well established[7-9].
The widespread prevalence of H. pylori infection indicates its infectivity. In general, the success of a pathogen depends on both its virulence and pathogenicity[8-9]. Of these, adherence to surface receptors is an essential step in the pathogenesis for many bacteria[10]. The attachment is mediated by adhesins or ligands which may be soluble or cell-associated and can be demonstrated by haemagglutination of various species of erythrocytes[10-11]. Previously, it was reported that the surface of H. pylori contains lectins or adhesins which may influence its adherence to the membrane of surface mucous cells[12]. Since lectins have the ability to bind to a wide variety of microbial substances containing simple or complex carbohydrates, they have been used to detect cell wall modifications, elucidate complex cell wall carbohydrates and detect intra-strain variations in cell wall carbohydrates or carbohydrate linkages[13-14].
The specificity of lectin binding to bacterial surface carbohydrates has been reported[15] and exploited as a tool for typing microorganisms, such as Neisseria[16,17], Staphylococcus[18], Legionella[19], Bacillus[20], Campylobacter[21-22], Helicobacter[23] and Streptococcus species[24-25]. Many bacteria, including H. pylori, were found to have cell wall associated lectins which allow them to bind selectively to mucus and epithelial cells[8,12]. Emody et al[26] (1988) also showed that H. pylori lectins attach to red cells from various animal species. Moreover, it was suggested that bacterial surface haemagglutinins and lectins play a significant role in pathogenesis of many mucus-associated infections[11]. However, lectins were studied only on spiral forms of H. pylori. In this study, we applied lectin agglutination to characterize the carbohydrate residues on the cell wall of H. pylori coccoids as compared to spiral and to examine the agglutination profiles of H. pylori coccoids and spirals.
Two local strains, RH 54, V2 and a standard strain, NCTC 11637 were grown on moist chocolate blood agar at 37 °C for 3 d in a humidified, 5% CO2 incubator (Forma Scientific) to provide homogeneous spiral forms as described in Khin and Ho (1994)[27]. The spiral nature was observed under phase contrast microscope (Nikon Microphot-FXA, Japan).
Ageing coccoids were obtained as described in Khin et al[28] (1996). Additionally, induced coccoids were also prepared by culturing the 3-day-old spirals in brain heart infusion medium supplemented with 10% horse blood and 0.4% yeast extract and exposed to amoxicillin (Sigma) in a final concentration of 5 mg/L. The broth containing coccoid forms when inoculated onto moist chocolate blood agar and incubated in a humidified incubator (Forma Scientific, USA) at 37 °C with 5% carbon dioxide did not show any growth after 12 d of incubation.
Both spiral and coccoid forms were washed in PBS (pH7.4) for 3 times. The bacterial cells were resuspended to a final concentration of 1 × 1010 cells/mL in PBS. Spirals and coccoids were enumerated in triplicates using a bacteria counting chamber under phase contrast microscope.
The lectins used (Table 1) were selected on the basis of their reported specificities, to cover the widest possible range of sugars. All are commercially available from Sigma (St. Louis, USA). The lectins were resuspended at 1 μg/L in PBS (pH7.4) and stored at -20 °C until use.
| Lectin | Abbreviation | Carbohydrate specificity |
| Arachis hypogaea | PNA | β-D-Gal (1-3)GalNAc |
| Bandeirae simplicifolia | BS-I | α-Gal, α-GalNAc |
| Concanavalin A | Con A | α-D-Man, α-D-Glc |
| Datura stramonium | DSA | (D-GlcNAc)2 |
| Glycine max | SBA | D-GalNAc |
| Helix promatia | HPA | D-GalNAc |
| Lens culinaris | LcH | α-D-Man |
| Narcissus pseudonarcissus | NPA | α-D-Man |
| Pisum sativum | PEA | α-D-Man |
| Tetragonolobus purpureas | Lotus A | α-L-Fuc |
| Triticum vulgaris | WGA | (D-GlcNAc)2, NeuNAc |
| Vicia faba | VFA | D-Man, D-Glc |
| Vicia sativa | VSA | D-Glc, D-Man |
| Vicia villosa | VVA | D-GalNAc |
| Vigna radiata | MBA | α-Gal |
Agglutination assay was carried out according to the method described by Ascencio et al[23] (1990). The assay was performed in triplicates. Binding of lectins to coccoids and spirals were assayed using glass slides by mixing 20 μL of bacterial suspension with an equal volume of lectin solution. A negative control was included for each strain by adding 20 μL of PBS instead of lectin solution. The agglutination reaction was scored as follows:
3 = strong positive reaction with large clumps; 2 = strong- positive reaction with moderate size clumps; 1 = positive agglutination with fine clumps; w = weak agglutination; - = no agglutination.
To test whether the agglutination was inhibited by specific glycoproteins or carbohydrates, 20 μL of each lectin solution was incubated with an equal volume of the test substance at 20 °C for 1 h before adding 20 μL of bacterial suspension. The agglutination reaction was scored accordingly.
Carbohydrates (Gal, GalNAc, GlcNAc, NANA, Man, Glc, Malt, Suc and Fuc) were dissolved at a final concentration of 0.1 M in PBS (pH7.4). Glycoproteins (bovine submaxillary mucin, porcine stomach mucin, fetuin, asialofetuin, bovine orosomucoid and gangliosides II) were dissolved at a final concentration of 0.1% in PBS. All these chemicals were purchased from Sigma.
H. pylori RH 54 spirals and coccoids were treated with sodium periodate (0.075 M), sulfuric acid (0.025N), formalin (1% w/v) and glycine hydrochloride buffer (pH2.2). Bacterial cells were also heated at 60 °C for 1 h. Alternatively, these spirals and coccoids were treated with neuraminidase, trypsin, pep sin, proteinase K and chymotrypsin each at 0.1 μg/L for 1 h at 37 °C. After treatment, bacterial cells were washed three times with PBS and resuspended to 1010 cells/mL in PBS and used for the agglutination assay.
Reproducibility of lectin agglutination was confirmed by repeating the test three times.
The coccoids and spirals of all three strains of H. pylori tested showed different agglutination reactions to the 15 lectins. The sugars recognized by H. pylori coccoids and spirals were Man, Fuc, Glc, Gal, GalNAc and (GlcNAc)2 (Table 2). Among the 15 lectins tested, strong agglutination patterns were observed with Man-specific Con A, Fuc-specific Lotus A and (GlcNAc)2 specific WGA lectins (Table 2). All of the coccoids and spirals were agglutinated by the Man-specific Con A, PEA and VFA lectins, GalNAc-specific HPA and Glc-specific VSA lectins (Table 2 and Table 3). RH 54 coccoids reacted with all the 15 lectins tested (Table 2) whereas NCTC 11637 coccoids were found to be non-reactive with WGA and VVA lectins. Similarly, SBA, VVA and MBA lectins were not reactive to V2 coccoids (Table 2). The spirals were refractory to agglutination with Man-specific LcH and NPA lectins (Table 2). Interestingly, NCTC 11637 spirals were non-re active with Fuc-specific Lotus A, Gal-specific PNA and BS- I and (GlcNAc)2 specific DSA and WGA lectins.
| Lectin | RH 54 | NCTC 11637 | V2 | |||
| Coccoids | Spirals | Coccoids | Spirals | Coccoids | Spirals | |
| Con A | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| LcH | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| NPA | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| PEA | 2 | 1 | 2 | W | 1 | 1 |
| VFA | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Lotus A | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| DSA | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| WGA | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| HPA | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| SBA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| VVA | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| VSA | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| PNA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| BS-I | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| MBA | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Sugar specificity/Lectins | ||||||
| Man- | Con A = Concanavalin A; | |||||
| NPA = Narcissus pseudonarcissus; | ||||||
| PEA = Pisum sativum; | ||||||
| VFA = Vicia faba | ||||||
| Fuc- | Lotus A = Tetragonolobus purpureas; | |||||
| (GlcNAc)2- | DSA = Datura stramonium; | |||||
| WGA = Triticum vulgaris | ||||||
| GalNAc- | HPA = Helix promatia; | |||||
| SBA = Glycine max; | ||||||
| VVA = Vicia villosa. | ||||||
| Glc- | VSA = Vicia sativa | |||||
| Glc- | PNA = Arachis hypogaea; | |||||
| BS-I = Bandeirae simplicifolia | ||||||
| MBA = Vigna radiata | ||||||
| Sugar-specificity/Lectin | No. of H. pylori strains agglutinated | |
| Coccoids | Spirals | |
| α-D-Man, α-D-Glc/Con A | 3 | 3 |
| α-D-Man/LcH | 3 | 0 |
| α-D-Man/NPA | 3 | 0 |
| α-D-Man/PEA | 3 | 3 |
| D-Man, D-Glc/VFA | 3 | 3 |
| α-L-Fuc/Lotus A | 3 | 2 |
| (D-GlcNAc)2/DSA | 3 | 2 |
| (D-GlcNAc)2/WGA | 2 | 2 |
| D-GalNAc/HPA | 3 | 3 |
| D-GalNAc/SBA | 2 | 3 |
| D-GalNAc/VVA | 1 | 3 |
| D-Glc, D-Man/VSA | 3 | 3 |
| β-D-Gal (1-3)GalNAc/PNA | 3 | 2 |
| α-Gal, α-GalNAc/BS-I | 3 | 2 |
| α-Gal/MBA | 2 | 3 |
It is interesting to note that Man was recognized by all the coccoids as compared to the spirals, since all the coccoids were agglutinated by the Man-specific Con A, LcH, NPA, PEA and VFA lectins (Table 2 and Table 3). In contrast, three strains of spirals were agglutinated by Con A, PEA and VFA, but none of the spirals was reactive to LcH or NPA lectins (Table 2 and Table 3).
Three strains of H. pylori coccoids were agglutinated by Fuc-specific Lotus A lectin (Table 2 and Table 3). All the spirals except NCTC11637 spirals reacted with Lotus A (Table 2). Strong agglutination pattern was shown by RH 54 and HpV2 coccoids as well as spirals (Table 2).
Both RH 54 and V2 coccoids as well as spirals had an affinity for GlcNAc residue as shown by agglutination with DSA and WGA lectins. NCTC 11637 spirals were non-reactive to both DSA and WGA but their corresponding coccoids showed agglutination with DSA (Table 2).
Among the three strains of coccoids, only RH 54 coccoids reacted with GalNAc-specific HPA, SBA and VVA lectins. Among these three lectins, HPA was the only lectin which agglutinated all the coccoids tested. Interestingly, V2 coccoids lacked the affinity to both SBA and VVA lectins (Table 2). On the other hand, N CTC 11637 coccoids were agglutinated by SBA but not by VVA lectins (Table 2). All the spirals tested were found to be agglutinated by HPA, SBA and VVA lectins (Table 3).
Three strains of H. pylori coccoids and their corresponding spirals were observed to be agglutinated by VSA lectin (Table 2 and Table 3). Strong agglutination was given by NCTC 11637 and V2 coccoids (Table 2).
The coccoids of RH 54 and NCTC 11637 showed affinity to Gal-specific PNA BS-I and MBA lectins but V2 coccoids were non-reactive to MBA lectin (Table 2). On the other hand, MBA lectin agglutinated with all the spirals testes (Table 2 and Table 3). Among the spirals, only NCTC 11637 spirals were non-react ive with PNA and BS-I lectins (Table 2).
Reproducibility testing revealed that lectin patterns were not altered after subculture. Among the three H. pylori strains, RH 54 was chosen since it showed agglutination with at least 13 out of 15 lectins tested. Of the 15 lectins, Con A, Lotus A and WGA which gave strong agglutination were chosen for further studies on the specificity of these lectin agglutination (Table 4 and Table 5). Specific sugars, glycoproteins and mucin altered the lectin-bacterial agglutination reactions. As shown in Table 4, bovine submaxillary mucin reduced RH 54-Con A agglutination but did not alter the Lotus A and WGA binding patterns. Of great interest was the porcine stomach mucin, which not only reduced the binding ability to Con A and Lotus A but also completely inhibited RH 54-WGA binding. Fetuin slightly reduced RH 54 coccoids-WGA binding and the spirals-Con A agglutination patterns. Other glycoproteins like asialofetuin, bovine orosomucoid and gangliosi des II display a considerable inhibitory ability on binding of RH 54 by Con A and WGA. More importantly, H. pylori Lotus A agglutination patterns were strong and were not inhibited by various glycoproteins with the exception of porcine stomach mucin that slightly reduced the coccoids-Lotus A binding capacity.
| Inhibitor | RH 54 coccoids | RH 54 spirals | ||||
| Con A | Lotus A | WGA | Con A | Lotus A | WGA | |
| Glycoproteins | ||||||
| Bovine submaxillary mucin | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Porcine stomach mucin | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
| Fetuin | 2 | 3 | W | W | 3 | 3 |
| Asialofetuin | 1 | 3 | 1 | W | 3 | 3 |
| Bovine orosomucoid | 1 | 3 | W | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| Gangliosides II | 1 | 3 | W | 0 | 3 | 2 |
| Carbohydrates | ||||||
| Gal | 1 | 3 | 1 | W | 3 | 3 |
| GalNAc | 1 | 3 | 1 | W | 3 | 3 |
| GlcNAc | W | 3 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| NANA | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Man | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Glc | W | 3 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Malt | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Suc | W | 3 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Fuc | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Control | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Inhibitor | RH 54 coccoids | RH 54 spirals | ||||
| Con A | Lotus A | WGA | Con A | Lotus A | WGA | |
| NAIO4 (0.075 M) | W | 0 | 0 | W | 0 | 0 |
| H2SO4 (0.025 N) | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Formalin (1.0%) | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Glycine HCl buffer (pH 2.2) | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| 60 °C (1 h) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Neuraminidase | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Trypsin | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Pepsin | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Proteinase K | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Chymotrypsin | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Control | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
In the same way, Gal, GalNAc, GlcNAc, NANA, Glc and Suc affected inhibition on H. pylori lectin agglutination reactions except Lotus A agglutination pattern (Table 4). It was interesting to note that Man and Malt completely inhibited coccoids and spirals-binding to Con A. On the other hand, the strong agglutination of Lotus A with coccoids and spirals was completely inhibited by fucose (Table 4). In general, agglutination to Con A was either weaken or completely inhibited by carbohydrates. In contrast, WGA agglutination remained unaffected with H. pylori spirals whereas the agglutination with coccoids reduced.
RH 54 spirals and coccoids exhibited different agglutination patterns according to their pre-treatment (Table 5). Pre-treatment of the bacterial cells with formalin (1.0%), glycine HCl buffer (pH2.2) and sulphuric acid (0.025 N) did not alter the agglutination patterns with lectins. In contrast, sodium periodate treatment of bacterial cells was shown to entirely inhibit agglutination reaction with Lotus A and WGA lectins, but reduce the agglutination with Con A. Of interest was the heating of H. pylori cells at 60 °C for 1 h which was shown to augment the agglutination reaction with all three lectins (Con A, Lotus A and WGA) tested (Table 5).
Enzymatic treatment of coccoids and spirals did not show marked inhibition of helicobacter-lectin binding patterns (Table 5). Neuraminidase, trypsin, pepsin, proteinase K and chymotrypsin did not change bacterial cells-Lotus A or bacterial cells-WGA agglutination. However, prior treatment of RH 54 coccoids with enzymes decreased agglutination with Con A.
In this study the carbohydrate residues on the cell wall of H. pylori spirals and coccoids were characterized by lectin agglutination performed on the glass slides. The observations that the use of glass slides for helicobacter-lectin agglutination is simple, cost-effective and rapid, was supported by Davidson et al[18] (1982) and Wong et al[21] (1986) in their studies on Staphylococcus and Campylobacter species, respectively. The microtitre plates were also used to study the interaction between bacterial cells and lectins for testing large numbers of strains[20,29-30]. However, slide assays have the advantages of yielding results in less than two minutes. This finding concurred with that of Wong et al[21] (1986) who reported that slide agglutination assay was the procedure of choice for determining lectin reaction patterns among Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. More importantly, interference from auto-agglutination is less frequent because bacterial cells-lectin agglutination occurs rapidly on glass slides before non-specific agglutination in the controls become evident.
The fifteen lectins evaluated in this study were selected because their major specificities were for common saccharides present on the bacterial surface. Typing of bacterial strains in epidemiological studies using plant lectins was found to be a powerful method for differentiating strains of related species[18,20-21]. In this study, RH 54, NCTC 11637 and V2 spirals were refractory to agglutination with LcH and NPA lectins, specific for mannose residues, implying that the spirals might have less affinity for mannose (Table 2). On the other hand, NCTC 11637 spirals did not react with Fuc-specific Lotus A, Gal-specific PNA and BS-I and (GlcNAc)2-specific DSA and WGA lectins. It indicates that different lectin agglutination pattern shown by NCTC 11637, may be useful for discriminating it from RH 54, V2 and other H. pylori strains.
Moreover, among H. pylori coccoids, RH 54 reacted with all lectins while NCTC 11637 was non-reactive with GalNAc-specific VVA and (GlcNAc)2-specific WGA lectins (Table 2). In contrast, V2 coccoids did not show reactivity to Gal-specific MBA and GalNAc-specific SBA or VVA lectins. The possible reason of different lectin agglutination patterns seen among the spiral and coccoid forms of three H. pylori strains studied, might be attributable to the considerable differences among different strains as well as the two morphological forms of the same strain in the affinity for the carbohydrate receptors of the host. This may eventually influence the adherence capatilities of H. pylori in gastric colonization resulting in different gastroduodenal pathology. It is suggested that lectins can also be used for characterization of H. pylori strains which will confer as a useful method for epidemiological studies to determine the natural history and mode of transmission of H. pylori as was also reported by Ascencio et al[23] (1990).
Lectins have been used to identify and distinguish microorganisms based on different sugar components on their cell surfaces[14]. All the coccoids tested were shown to recognize Man-specific lectins, in contrast to the spirals (Table 3), suggesting that the coccoid forms of H. pylori might have predilection for Man-receptors of the gastric tissues. This could possibly be due to acquisition of Man-residues which may become available for binding gastric tissues during transformation from spirals to coccoids. Baczako et al[31] (1995) reported the differences in lectin binding properties of the antral and body surface mucosa of the human stomach and questioned whether it may be relevant for H. pylori affinity. The lectins from the jack bean, Con A as well as fava bean, VFA known to have an affinity for Man ＞ Glc residues and another mannos e-specific lectin, PEA reacted with three atrains of H. pylori coccoids and spirals (Table 4). It indicates that Man/Glc residues present on the cell surface may contribute to their binding. Lectin histochemistry studies showed that the staining for mannose and glucose (bound by succinylated Con A) was negative in normal mucosa but was positive in H. pylori infected mucosa[31]. It is therefore possible that H. pylori coccoid form having stronger affinity for mannose residues (Table 3 and Table 4) might mediate its adherence to the corresponding mannose receptors existing in the gastric mucous cells for its colonization. It is suggested that the two differentiated forms of H. pylori might have various forms of Man-associated lectins which allow them to bind selectively to the mucous and epithelial cells thereby facilitating gastric colonization.
The specificity of bacterial agglutination by lectins resides in the unique cell surface structures of the bacteria interacting with the carbohydrate-specific lectins[18,32-33]. The lectin from asparaguspea, Lotus A shown to an affinity for Fuc residues were recognized by three strains of H. pylori have coccoids and spirals with the exception of NCTC 11637 spirals (Table 2). It was reported that fucose was more likely to function as a receptor for H. pylori related adhesion[34]. It is possible that both the coccoid and spiral forms might have different Fuc specificities on the surface of the cells, contributing to the various degrees of H. pylori adhesion. Such different affinities might mediate their binding to gastric mucosa resulting in various forms of gastroduodenal pathology.
H. pylori coccoid forms may have retained the lectin binding sites for Fuc determinants, in an unmodified form or could have been the components of the surface of the coccoids. Support of this view comes from the observations that several Bacillus cereus expressed different lectin binding sites on spores and vegetative cells[20]. In addition, the lectin-staining pattern of surface mucous cells demonstrates, that there are mainly neutral carbohydrates (fucose and galactosamine) localised within the mucous granules[12]. Therefore, it is possible that cell wall of H. pylori coccoids and spirals bearing different affinity for Fuc residues might influence the binding to different gastric mucous cells receptors to obtain various pathogenic potentials in Helicobacter infection.
N-acetylglucosamine specific lectins from wheat germ, WGA and jimson weed, DSA showed agglutination with RH 54 and V2 spirals and coccoids (Table 2 and Table 3). On the other hand, DSA agglutinated only NCTC 11637 coccoids. Interestingly, the refractory of NCTC 11637 spirals and coccoids agglutination with WGA suggests either masking of GlcNAc-residues, absence of these units, or exposure of these units may differ between H. pylori strains. RH 54 and V2 spirals showed stronger agglutination reaction with WGA lectins than the coccoids (Table 2). This could be due to the acquisition of thick polysaccharide capsule on the coccoidal cells[35] resulting in weaker agglutination with WGA lectin. A similar mechanism was demonstrated on Neisseria species in which WGA was shown to specifically agglutinate Neisseria gonorrhoeae but not the encapsulated N. meningitidis suggesting that agglutination with WGA is due to the lack of a capsule on the gonococci[16].
All the spirals studied were shown to recognize GalNAc-specific lectins from HPA, SBA and VVA (Table 3) as was shown earlier by Ascencio et al[23] (1990). H. pylori coccoids showed weaker affinity for GalNAc residues (Table 2 and Table 3) suggesting that structural modifications might occur on the cell wall of the coccoids during morphological transformation from the spirals. It is proposed that H. pylori coccoids, a morphological variant of the spirals, might bind with different capacities to galactosamine receptors localised within gastric mucous granules, as was also observed for the spirals by Bode et al[12] (1988). After binding to the host cells, it may then take part in various mechanism of adhesion resulting in the gastroduodenal disease. Adhesion is considered as one of the virulence factors that allow H. pylori spirals to survive in the hostile gastric environment. Its ability to adhere to gastric mucosal cells and mucus[7,9,36] suggests that the coccoids may also use the same adherence mechanism for gastric colonization.
The ability of three strains of coccoids as compared to all spirals in agglutinating Glc-specific lectin (VSA) (Table 3) could be due to the retention of Glc residues on the cell surface of the coccoid forms during morphological conversion. Since the cell wall is an important virulence factor in many bacteria[25], the cell wall of H. pylori coccoids bearing similar Glc residues like the spirals, may be attributable to the virulence.
The absence of agglutination with PNA, which detects β-D-Gal (1-3) GalNAc and with BS-I, which detects α-Gal and α-GalNAc, suggests that these carbohydrates are not present on the reactive surface of NCTC 11637 spirals (Table 2 and Table 3). This agglutination pattern might aid in differentiating H. pylori spirals. It was also shown by Ascencio et al[23] (1990) who developed the lectin typing system of 50 H. pylori strains for epidemiological studies. On the other hand, Gal-specific MBA lectin did not agglutinate V2 coccoids (Table 2) indicating the lack of this sugar on the cell wall of the coccoids.
Porcine stomach mucin completely inhibited RH 54-WGA binding (Table 4) verifying that the agglutination is specific and this glycoprotein has the highest affinity for that lectin. Inhibition studies with various carbohydrates suggest that Glc, Fuc, Man, Gal and GlcNAc are present on the surface of H. pylori coccoids and spirals indicating that this application may provide valuable information about the specific sugars present on the cell surface of the two differentiated forms of H. pylori. In an earlier study, Facinelli et al[30] (1994) stated that Listeria-lectin binding inhibition studies were useful for characterization of specific sugars present at the cell surface of an organism.
RH 54 coccoids and spirals were found to be non-reactive with Con A, Lotus A and WGA lectins after sodium periodate treatment (Table 5) suggesting that NaIO3 probably had destroyed the surface carbohydrate structures of these cells. A similar observation was made by Ascencio et al[23] (1990). However, the reactions were shown to be resistant to sulphuric acid (0.025N), glycine hydrochloride (pH2.2) and formalin (1.0%) indicating that these chemicals were not effective to alter the H. pylori lectin binding.
Treatment of H. pylori cells at 60 °C for 1 h was shown to give stronger agglutination capacities with Con A, Lotus A and WGA lectins (Table 5). It could be possible that heating releases the concealed carbohydrate residues to be exposed onto the surface of H. pylori spirals and coccoids. Heating was found to eliminate interference of non-specific cell agglutination. A comparable finding was reported on Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli that bacterial interaction with lectins was greatly enhanced by heating the cultures to 100 °C and holding for 30 to 60 min [21]. They found that heating had made it feasible to type most rough and auto-agglutinating strains as well as smooth cultures. Pre-treatment may therefore be a prerequisite for agglutination with lectins. Pre-treatment was shown to augment the agglutination reactions of Streptococcus species[25] although it increases the time required to carry out the assay[24,37].
RH 54 coccoids-Con A agglutination patterns changed after treatment with enzymes such as, neuraminidase, trypsin, pepsin, proteinase K and chymotrypsin (Table 5). It could be due to the partial destruction of the bacterial surface structures by enzymes resulting in weaker agglutination reactions. However, Lotus A and WGA lectins did not alter the agglutination patterns, indicating that pretreatment with enzymes could probably be necessary for the lectin typing assays. It agrees with the studies on streptococci that when trypsin or other proteolytic enzymes partially hydrolyse proteoglycans, some carbohydrate residues may become available for binding[25,37]. At the same time, other carbohydrate residues may be destroyed or modified. This study shows that lectin-bacterial agglutination patterns may differ according to the pre-treatment of the bacteria. In addition, the bacterial surface structures might be partially destroyed by enzyme treatment as carbohydrate residues dissolve in the buffer while others, previously hidden, then become exposed on the surface[25]. Enzymatic treatment may therefore be useful for typing H. pylori as was also reported by Ascencio et al[23] (1990).
Lectin reactions provide an attractive alternative method for typing microorganisms with minimum specialised facilities. In addition, lectin agglutination assay is rapid, inexpensive, reproducible, require no special equipment, simple to perform and a useful method for epidemiological studies. This study shows that lectins are stable and easy to store, commercially available and active at low concentration. However, lectin agglutination may be affected by culturing conditions, growth on solid or liquid media and is affected by specific treatment such as trypsin treatment or boiling before assay. More importantly, amoxicillin-induced coccoids tend to give auto-agglutination reaction. This could explain the divergence of structural changes on the cell surface of the coccoids due to the antibiotics or aging process.
It is apparent that the surface of H. pylori contains a variety of carbohydrates which may play a role in adherence phenomenon. Comparison of lectin agglutination reactions between the coccoids and spirals show that different kinds of sugar residues might be present on the two forms which might provide evidence for the complexity of the adherence process. It is possible that H. pylori coccoids and spirals, bearing different affinities for carbohydrate receptors on the cell surface may account for the variation in the adhesive properties of the organism for antral mucous cells in the stomach. This may probably reflect different strategies used by the two differentiated forms of H. pylori in colonizing gastroduodenal tissues, resulting in different disease profiles such as acute and chronic gastritis or peptic ulcer.
With regard to bacterial surface lectins, which often play a role in the initial step of immune defence against phagocytosis, it is assumed that both spiral and coccoid forms may involve in the interaction of H. pylori host immune mechanisms. As a rule, H. pylori infection is almost always associated with inflammation[9]. However, peptic ulcer disease and gastric carcinoma occur only in a subset of individuals infected chronically with H. pylori[9]. Therefore, it is proposed that, like spirals, coccoid forms also play an important pathogenic role in H. pylori infection.
Edited by You DY
Proofread by Ma JY
| 1. | Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet. 1984;1:1311-1315. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 3302] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 3182] [Article Influence: 79.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (1)] |
| 2. | Taylor DN, Blaser MJ. The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Epidemiol Rev. 1991;13:42-59. [PubMed] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 3. | Moss S, Calam J. Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcers: the present position. Gut. 1992;33:289-292. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 98] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 112] [Article Influence: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 4. | Forman D, Newell DG, Fullerton F, Yarnell JW, Stacey AR, Wald N, Sitas F. Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: evidence from a prospective investigation. BMJ. 1991;302:1302-1305. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 941] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 908] [Article Influence: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 5. | Wotherspoon AC, Ortiz-Hidalgo C, Falzon MR, Isaacson PG. Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and primary B-cell gastric lymphoma. Lancet. 1991;338:1175-1176. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 1293] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 1191] [Article Influence: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 6. | Doglioni C, Wotherspoon AC, Moschini A, de Boni M, Isaacson PG. High incidence of primary gastric lymphoma in northeastern Italy. Lancet. 1992;339:834-835. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 206] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 218] [Article Influence: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 7. | Newell DG. Virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1991;187:31-38. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 13] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 13] [Article Influence: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 8. | Marshall BJ. Virulence and pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1991;6:121-124. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 44] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 45] [Article Influence: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 9. | Dunn BE. Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1993;22:43-57. [PubMed] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 10. | Goodwin CS. Haemagglutinins of Helicobacter pylori and adherence to Hep-2 cells. In: Gasbarrini G, Pretolani S. (editors). Basic and Clinical Aspects of. Helicobacter pylori Infection. Berlin, Heidelberg, SpringerVerlag. 1994;90-91. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 11. | Lelwalα-Guruge J, Kreger AS, Shen W, Wadstr-m T. Partial purification and characterization of sialic acid specific soluble haemmagglutinin (s) of Helicobacter pylori strain NCTC 11637. In: Gasbarrini G, Pretolani S, editors. Basic and clinical aspects of. Helicobacter pylori infection. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. 1994;92-97. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 12. | Bode G, Malfertheiner P, Ditschuneit H. Pathogenetic implications of ultrastructural findings in Campylobacter pylori related gastroduodenal disease. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1988;142:25-39. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 107] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 90] [Article Influence: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 13. | Goldstein IJ, Hughes RC, Monsingy M, Osawa T, Sharon N. What should be called a lectin. Nature. 1980;285:66. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 617] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 615] [Article Influence: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 14. | Pistole TG. Interaction of bacteria and fungi with lectins and lectin-like substances. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1981;35:85-112. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 129] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 110] [Article Influence: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 15. | Sharon N, Lis H. Lectins: cell-agglutinating and sugar-specific proteins. Science. 1972;177:949-959. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 1316] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 1157] [Article Influence: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 16. | Frasch CE. Role of lipopolysaccharide in wheat germ agglutinin-mediated agglutination of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol. 1980;12:498-501. [PubMed] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 17. | Schalla WO, Whittington WL, Rice RJ, Larsen SA. Epidemiological characterization of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by lectins. J Clin Microbiol. 1985;22:379-382. [PubMed] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 18. | Davidson SK, Keller KF, Doyle RJ. Differentiation of coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci by lectins and plant agglutinins. J Clin Microbiol. 1982;15:547-553. [PubMed] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 19. | Doyle RJ, Nedjat-Haiem F, Miller RD, Keller KF. Interaction between plant agglutinins and Legionella species. J Clin Microbiol. 1982;15:973-975. [PubMed] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 20. | Cole HB, Ezzell JW, Keller KF, Doyle RJ. Differentiation of Bacillus anthracis and other Bacillus species by lectins. J Clin Microbiol. 1984;19:48-53. [PubMed] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 21. | Wong KH, Skelton SK, Feeley JC. Strain characterization and grouping of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by interaction with lectins. J Clin Microbiol. 1986;23:407-410. [PubMed] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 22. | O'Sullivan N, Benjamin J, Skirrow MB. Lectin typing of Campylobacter isolates. J Clin Pathol. 1990;43:957-960. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 17] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 19] [Article Influence: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 23. | Ascencio F, Guruge JL, Ljungh A, Megraud F, Wei S, Wadstrm T. Lectin typing of Helicobacter pylori. In: Malfertheiner P, Ditschuneit H. (editors). Helicobacter pylori, Gastritis and Peptic ulcer. Berlin, Springer-Verlag. 1990;105-109. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 24. | Kellens JT, Jacobs JA, Peumans WJ, Stobberingh EE. The agglutination of beta-haemolytic streptococci by lectins. J Med Microbiol. 1993;39:440-445. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 9] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 11] [Article Influence: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 25. | Kellens JT, Jacobs JA, Peumans WJ, Stobberingh EE. Agglutination of "Streptococcus milleri" by lectins. J Med Microbiol. 1994;41:14-19. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 9] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 10] [Article Influence: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 26. | Emödy L, Carlsson A, Ljungh A, Wadström T. Mannose-resistant haemagglutination by Campylobacter pylori. Scand J Infect Dis. 1988;20:353-354. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 48] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 50] [Article Influence: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 27. | Khin MM, Ho B. Immunological detection of Helicobacter pylori in pregnant women. Biomed Letts. 1994;50:71-78. [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 28. | Khin MM, Ringnér M, Aleljung P, Wadström T, Ho B. Binding of human plasminogen and lactoferrin by Helicobacter pylori coccoid forms. J Med Microbiol. 1996;45:433-439. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 22] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 22] [Article Influence: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 29. | Jones JW. Interaction of coagulase negative staphylococci with lectins. J Clin Pathol. 1993;46:761-763. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 2] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 4] [Article Influence: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 30. | Facinelli B, Giovanetti E, Casolari C, Varaldo PE. Interactions with lectins and agglutination profiles of clinical, food, and environmental isolates of Listeria. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:2929-2935. [PubMed] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 31. | Baczako K, Kühl P, Malfertheiner P. Lectin-binding properties of the antral and body surface mucosa in the human stomach--are the differences relevant for Helicobacter pylori affinity问号. J Pathol. 1995;176:77-86. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 6] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 7] [Article Influence: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 32. | Ottensooser F, Nakamizo Y, Sato M, Miyamoto Y, Takizawa K. Lectins detecting group C streptococci. Infect Immun. 1974;9:971-973. [PubMed] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 33. | Schaefer RL, Keller KF, Doyle RJ. Lectins in diagnostic microbiology: use of wheat germ agglutinin for laboratory identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol. 1979;10:669-672. [PubMed] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 34. | Falk P, Roth KA, Borén T, Westblom TU, Gordon JI, Normark S. An in vitro adherence assay reveals that Helicobacter pylori exhibits cell lineage-specific tropism in the human gastric epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993;90:2035-2039. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 206] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 195] [Article Influence: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 35. | Mai U, Geis G, Leying H, Ruhl G, Opferkuch S. Dimorphism of Campylobacter pylori. Gastroduodenal pathology and Campylobacter pylori. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science 1989; 29-33. [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 36. | Wadstrm T, Ascencio F, Ljungh A. Helicobacter pylori adhesins. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1993;5:S12-S15. [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 37. | Muñoz A, Lopez A, Llovo J. Lectin typing of beta-haemolytic streptococci of groups A and B. J Med Microbiol. 1994;41:324-328. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 5] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 6] [Article Influence: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |