Mapping the global research landscape on nutrition and the gut microbiota: Visualization and bibliometric analysis

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Nutrition is a significant modifiable element that influences the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota, implying the possibility of therapeutic diet methods that manipulate the composition and diversity of the microbial.

AIM

To overview research papers on nutrition and gut microbiota and determines the hotspots in this field at the global level.

METHODS

Scopus and Reference Citation Analysis were used to construct a bibliometric technique. It was decided to create bibliometric indicators and mapping as in most previous studies. 2012 through 2021 served as the study's timeframe.

RESULTS

A total of 5378 documents from the Scopus database were selected for analysis. Of all retrieved studies, 78.52% were research papers (n = 4223), followed by reviews (n = 820; 15.25%). China ranked first with a total number of articles of 1634 (30.38%), followed by the United States in second place with a total number of articles of 1307 (24.3%). In the last decade, emerging hotspots for gut microbiota and nutrition research included "gut microbiota metabolism and interaction with dietary components", "connection between the gut microbiota and weight gain", and "the influence of high-fat diet and gut microbiota on metabolic disorders".

CONCLUSION

This is the first thorough bibliometric analysis of nutrition and gut microbiota publications conducted on a global level. Investigation of the association between nutrition/diet and the gut microbiota is still in its infancy and will be expanded in the future. However, according to recent trends, the “effect of gut microbiota and high-fat diet on metabolic disorders" will be an increasing concern in the future.

Key Words: Gut microbiota, Microbiome, Nutrition, Diet, Bibliometric, Scopus, VOSviewer

Core Tip: The number of publications on the gut microbiota has progressively expanded as the potential clinical implications of the gut microbiota have become better known, and this has become an emerging research subject. Therefore, this comprehensive bibliometric study intends to provide an overview of the current state of worldwide nutrition and gut microbiota research and to stay ahead of emerging trends and important turns in the field's evolution. Investigation on the association between nutrition/diet and the gut microbiota is still in its infancy and will be expanded in the future. However, according to recent trends, the “effect of gut microbiota and high-fat diet on metabolic disorders" will be a bigger worry in the future.

INTRODUCTION

The microbiome is a term that refers to the collective genomes of microorganisms living in a certain habitat, and the gut microbiota is a complex collection of microorganisms that includes archaea, bacteria, fungus, viruses, and protozoa, among others[1]. These communities interact with each other and their host, with the majority of them being bacteria that reside mainly in the colon of the gastrointestinal tract and interact with them. The human genome has thousands of genes; however, the microbiome contains millions of genes that produce a large number of metabolites that alter host activities, resulting in a substantial impact on the host at the physiological level[2]. Different levels of evidence show that functional or compositional changes in the microbiota present in the human gut contribute to human disease and health, including metabolic, immunological and neuro-behavioral traits that support the role of the microbiota in human health[3,4].

The composition of the gut microbiota varies greatly between individuals. Several studies have found that dietary variations between people are one of the external variables that influence and define the gut microbiota structure[5-8]. Studies in recent years have shown that diet or food as the main source of energy for gut microbes can greatly affect the diversity and components of the gut microbiota, which affects host health[9-12]. In addition to diet, the gut microbiota is affected by different external variables, such as lifestyle and medication (e.g., antibiotics), which mainly affect the microbiota. There are also intrinsic factors that can affect the gut microbiota, such as host genetics, immune and metabolic regulations[13]. Dietary modifications can account for more than 50% of the changes in the gut microbiota changes; however, host genes account for only 10%[14].

Research showed that disturbances in the interaction between nutrients in food and the microbiome affect its structure, which has been shown to be linked to the development of a variety of diseases[15,16]. Long-term or, to a lesser extent, short-term dietary intake modifications could determine each human's stable microbiota profile. For example, regardless of the stage of life, the intake of protein, fat, fermentable or non-fermentable carbs, probiotic, and polyphenol effectively modulates the host's gut microbiota, metabolic, and immunological parameters. Compared to high animal protein consumption and low carbohydrate intake, high consumption increases the risk of various health conditions, such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and irritable bowel syndrome[7,10]. Another evidence on the diversity of bacterial content in the gastrointestinal tract of humans revealed that lower bacterial diversity has been found in individuals with various diseases such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, eczema, and obesity than in healthy individuals who support the role of the microbiota in human health and diseases[17-21]. Accordingly, diversity appears as a positive indicator of a healthy gastrointestinal tract[22,23].

The results have been applied to numerous domains connected to the gut microbiota over the last years[24-28]. However, there are no bibliometric analyses of nutrition/diet and gut microbiota publications. As a result, the objective of the present study was to carefully review publications related to nutrition and gut microbiota to assess the current state and hotspots in this field. Therefore, this comprehensive bibliometric study intends to provide an overview of the current state of worldwide nutrition and gut microbiota research and to stay ahead of emerging trends and important turns in the field's evolution.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data sources

We performed this bibliometric analysis using the Scopus bibliographic database, which Elsevier B.V. owns. In bibliometric research, only one database is used because bibliometric indicators and literature mapping are difficult to execute on documents acquired from several databases. Furthermore, the grey literature cannot be included in the data retrieved[29,30]. The current analysis was conducted using the SciVerse Scopus database for numerous reasons. First, Scopus has a much larger number and diversity of indexed publications compared to other databases like PubMed or Web of Science. Scopus has nearly the same number of journals indexed as PubMed and Web of Science combined[31]. Second, because all articles listed in PubMed are simultaneously indexed in Scopus, PubMed is completely comprehensive in Scopus. As a result, Scopus is considered to be comprehensive, as it includes papers from both PubMed and Web of Science[29,30]. Third, Scopus publishes publications in a wide range of disciplines, including science, technology, medicine, social science, and the arts and humanities. Fourth, Scopus enables academics to create sophisticated and extensive search queries by combining various Boolean operators. Finally, Scopus enables the researcher to export and examine the data that have been retrieved. This comprises mapping and statistical analysis. Due to the rapid update of the database, the literature retrieval was carried out on a single day (January 7, 2022). Therefore, it was decided that the publication period for this study would be between 2012 and 2021.

Goal definition

The primary goal of this study is to assess the current state and hotspots in the field of nutrition and gut microbiota by examining the scientific production data set related to nutrition and gut microbiota with the goal of characterisation and understanding it in terms of scientometric indices. Based on bibliometric and/or scientometric indicators, the mapping and analysis of scientific knowledge allow the identification of the dynamics and/or expansion of a specific field of study and the support of strategic decisions related to various research institutions[32].

Search strategy

We used the key terms “microbiome or microbiota” and “nutrition or diet” and its synonyms because we are interested in nutrition and gut microbiota per se as a novel concept in scientific research rather than related subjects. The current study focuses on research papers containing “nutrt* or nutrient* or diet* or eat* or feeding” and “microbiome or microbiota or *flora” to recognize items based on their search in the fields topic and the time was ten years between 2012 and 2021. The asterisk (*) was used in search query to retrieve documents with keywords such as diet or dietary.

Validation of the search strategy

The search query was repeatedly fine-tuned in the current study until the top 100 cited publications in the retrieved literature were free of false-positive results. Furthermore, the search query was checked for missing data (false-negative) using a previously published method that depends on the association between the retrieved research output and the actual research output in this field[29,30]. Instead of a title/abstract search, keywords were used in the title search. As a result, the title search will produce the fewest false positive documents, making it a reliable method[29,33-35]. However, a title/abstract search will show many false positives in which the main focus is not on nutrition and the microbiota per se.

Bibliometric analysis

The Scopus advanced search tool was used to implement the method. Using the "analyze" function, the retrieved documents were examined. The abstained findings were saved as.csv files in Microsoft Excel. Annual growth, document types, journal names with impact factor (IF), funding agencies, country names, institution names, and document citations were all included in the exported findings. This data was displayed as a linear graph of the annual growth of publication and tables for the core of (top 10 active) journals, funding agencies, countries, institutions, and cited documents in the results section.

The Impact Index Per Article for the top 10 high-cited papers collected from Reference Citation Analysis (RCA) is presented. RCA is an open multidisciplinary citation analysis database owned by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. (Pleasanton, CA 94566, United States)[36].

Visualized analysis

Data on terms in titles and abstracts and cross-country collaboration were visualized using the free Web tool VOSviewer 1.6.17 to determine a worldwide scientific cooperation network across countries/ regions and examine hotspots and research trends. Nodes in VOSviewer maps are colored and sized differently. The size is related to the number of times it occurs. The node's color shows its relationship to other nodes with similar colors[37].

RESULTS

Number of publications and evolution over time

A total of 5378 documents from the Scopus database were selected for analysis. The documents retrieved were of 11 types, mainly research articles (n = 4223; 78.52%), followed by reviews (n = 820; 15.25%). Our findings revealed that the scientific advancement of articles on nutrition and gut microbiota has grown in the past ten years. For example, we found 1295 documents in 2021, compared to only 120 documents in 2012 (Figure 1). Of the 5378 documents retrieved, 89 were clinical trials. Fifteen publications on nutrition and gut microbiota were case reports or case series.

Figure 1 Growth trends of publications on the nutrition and the gut microbiota from 2012 to 2021.

Contributions of countries to global publications

Table 1 Lists the contributions of the top 10 countries in publications related to nutrition and gut microbiota from 2012 to 2021. Topping the list was China, with 1634 items (30.38% of the total), followed by the United States, with 1307 items (second place) (24.3%). Italy (n = 346, 6.43%) and Spain (n = 313, 5.82%) ranked third and fourth positions, respectively. An examination of countries with more than 20 publications on nutrition and gut microbiota was conducted. Using data from 44 eligible nations, five VOSviewer clusters were used to examine their centrality and connections to other countries (Figure 2). The United States and China had the highest number of publications in the clusters (green cluster). There is a direct correlation between the number and width of the lines on this map with the degree of interaction and strength between countries.

Figure 2 A network visualization map depicting international collaboration in nutrition and gut microbiota research during 2012-2021. This visualized map of collaborations was created after each country had at least 20 publications. Of 154 countries active in this field, 44 countries meet this threshold. The node's size indicates the number of publications for that country.

Table 1 List of the top ten countries publishing research on nutrition and the gut microbiota from 2012 to 2021.

Ranking	Country	Number of documents	%
1st	China	1634	30.38
2nd	United States	1307	24.30
3rd	Italy	346	6.43
4th	Spain	313	5.82
5th	United Kingdom	259	4.82
6th	Canada	246	4.57
7th	Germany	240	4.46
8th	Australia	227	4.22
9th	France	216	4.02
10th	South Korea	204	3.79

Analysis of affiliations

As shown in Table 2, the top ten affiliations with the highest number of publications relevant to nutritional science and the gut microbiota were identified. The country with the highest number of affiliations was China. The Chinese Academy of Sciences had the highest number of publications (n = 138; 2.57%), followed by the China Agricultural University (n = 111; 2.06%), the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (n = 95; 1.77%), and the University College Cork (n = 81; 1.51%).

Table 2 The top 10 productive affiliations publishing research on nutrition and the gut microbiota from 2012 to 2021.

Ranking	Institute	Country	n	%
1st	Chinese Academy of Sciences	China	138	2.57
2nd	China Agricultural University	China	111	2.06
3rd	Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences	China	95	1.77
4th	University College Cork	Ireland	81	1.51
5th	APC Microbiome Ireland	Ireland	80	1.49
6th	Nanjing Agricultural University	China	74	1.38
7th	Københavns Universitet	Denmark	73	1.36
8th	Wageningen University & Research	Netherlands	62	1.15
9th	Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas	Spain	55	1.02
10th	Dankook University	South Korea	54	1.00

Analysis of funding agencies

Of the documents retrieved 3271 (60.82%) were publications that were part of funded projects. Again, Chinese funding agencies were the most active in this field, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (n = 711; 13.22%) being the most active, followed by the National Institutes of Health (n = 327; 6.08%), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (n = 190; 3.53%) (Table 3).

Table 3 The top ten funding agencies having the most publications on nutrition and the gut microbiota from 2012 to 2021.

Ranking	Funding agencies	Country	No. of publication	%
1st	National Natural Science Foundation of China	China	711	13.22
2nd	National Institutes of Health	United States	327	6.08
3rd	National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases	United States	190	3.53
4th	National Key Research and Development Program of China	China	184	3.42
5th	European Commission	European Union	102	1.90
6th	Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China	China	86	1.60
6th	National Institute of General Medical Sciences	China	86	1.60
8th	European Regional Development Fund	European Union	80	1.49
9th	National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases	United States	75	1.39
10th	Horizon 2020 Framework Programme	European Union	74	1.38

Journal analysis

As presented in Table 4, Nutrients (n = 271 publications, IF: 5.717) published the most papers on nutrition and the gut microbiota, followed by Frontiers in Microbiology (n = 167 publications, IF: 5.64), and Scientific Reports (n = 136 publications, IF: 4.379). The top ten academic journals published approximately 22.3% of the publications.

Table 4 The top 10 most active journals publishing research on nutrition and the gut microbiota from 2012 to 2021.

Ranking	Journal	n	%	IF1
1st	Nutrients	271	5.04	5.717
2nd	Frontiers in Microbiology	167	3.11	5.64
3rd	Scientific Reports	136	2.53	4.379
4th	Plos One	124	2.31	3.24
5th	Food and Function	116	2.16	5.396
6th	Journal of Functional Foods	87	1.62	4.451
7th	Molecular Nutrition and Food Research	82	1.52	5.914
8th	Poultry Science	78	1.45	3.352
9th	Animals	70	1.30	2.752
10th	Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry	68	1.26	5.279

¹Impact factor (IF) was extracted from Journal Citation Reports (Source Clarivate, 2021).

Analysis of research hotspots

To detect trends and topics in most articles on nutrition and gut microbiota, we used VOSviewer software to look at the distribution of cooccurrence terms in the titles and abstracts of 5378 papers. By mapping terms in titles and abstracts with a minimum frequency of 100 occurrences, three major clusters emerged, highlighting three remarkable research themes. For example, in Figure 3, of the 85327 terms, 293 terms appeared at least 100 times, distributed in three clusters. Cluster 1, indicated by red frames, includes those terms commonly seen in publications related to interaction of the gut microbiota with dietary components; Cluster 2, shown by green frames, contains terms commonly seen in publications related tothe correlation between weight gain and the gut microbiota; and Cluster 3, marked by green frames, includes terms commonly observed in studies related to the effect of the gut microbiota and a high-fat diet and on metabolic syndromes. Figure 4 illustrates an overlay visualization in which the VOSviewer was used to color the terms based on their publication year. The blue and green colors indicate that the terminology appeared first, while the yellow colors indicate that they appeared later. Most studies before 2019 focused on the “connection between the gut microbiota and weight gain” and the “interaction of the gut microbiota with dietary components”. However, according to recent trends, the “effect of high-fat diet and the gut microbiota on metabolic syndromes” will be a bigger concern in the future.

Figure 3 Network visualization map of terms in the title/abstract fields of publications relevant to nutrition and gut microbiota research from 2012 to 2021. When the minimum-term occurrences were put 100 times, this graphical map of terms was created. Of the 85327 terms in this field, 293 achieve this threshold, which were grouped into three clusters and colored differently. The size of the frame shows the number of publications that contain that term.

Figure 4 Network visualization map of terms in the title/abstract and their frequency of appearance of keywords is distributed according to the mean frequency of appearance. Blue-colored and green-colored terms first showed, and then yellow terms appeared later.

Analysis of citations

According to citation analysis, the retrieved articles garnered 146101 citations, averaging 27.17 per document, and an h-index of 154. Citations ranged from 0 to 4588. Two thousand four hundred forty-two items were indexed with ten or more citations, while 852 were indexed without citations. Table 5 lists the top ten articles with the highest number of articles on research related to nutrition and gut microbiota from 2012 to 2021. The 10 highest citations ranged from 4588 to 796. The impact index per article of the 10 most cited articles ranged from 96.3 to 506.2 (Table 5).

Table 5 The top 10 high cited papers on research related to nutrition and the gut microbiota from 2012 to 2021.

Ranking	Ref.	Year	Source title	IF1	Impact index per article2	Cited by
1st	David et al[56]	2014	Nature	49.962	506.2	4588
2nd	Koeth et al[57]	2013	Nature Medicine	53.44	242.8	2294
3rd	Den Besten et al[58]	2013	Journal of Lipid Research	5.922	202.2	1921
4th	Claesson et al[59]	2012	Nature	49.962	168.0	1793
5th	Trompette et al[60]	2014	Nature Medicine	53.44	165.6	1368
6th	Flint et al[61]	2012	Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology	46.802	96.3	1011
7th	Desai et al[62]	2016	Cell	41.582	182.0	948
8th	Sonnenburg and Bäckhed[63]	2016	Nature	49.962	150.3	914
9th	Chassaing et al[64]	2015	Nature	49.962	122.1	889
10th	Dao et al[65]	2016	Gut	23.059	111.3	796
10th	Singh et al[10]	2017	Journal of Translational Medicine	5.531	148.0	796

¹Impact factor (IF) was extracted from Journal Citation Reports (Source Clarivate, 2021).

²The impact index per article is presented based on Reference Citation Analysis [Source: Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. (Pleasanton, CA 94566, United States)].

DISCUSSION

This study has developed research techniques to thoroughly analyze the current status and direction of development of studies related to nutrition and the gut microbiota from 2012 to 2021 using a bibliometric and visualization analysis. The number of publications on the gut microbiota has progressively expanded as the potential clinical implications of the gut microbiota have become better known, and this has become an emerging research subject. Our review of research on global nutrition and gut microbiota found that relevant publications have expanded in the last ten years. A possible explanation for this finding might be that our understanding of the role of the gut microbiota has advanced significantly due to the advancement of scientific tools.

The examination of collaboration networks can provide rich data for evaluating research collaborations and characterizing essential collaborators. China and the United States had a clear advantage in this field, possibly due to their superior economics and investment in the scientific field; for example, in 2013, a notable research project from the United States was launched on the intestinal microbiota-brain axis[38], which resulted in a positive impact on the quality and productivity. In addition, Chinese scientists have made significant advances in the field of gut microbiota[39]. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has attracted remarkable interest in the treatment of extraintestinal health problems. China registered 84 (24%) of the 367 clinical investigations employing FMT[40]. This is a significant contribution by Chinese researchers to this field and the clinical transformation of studies on the gut microbiota. In addition to FMT research, Chinese researchers are also interested in the development and clinical application of probiotics[41]. Furthermore, one possible reason for the increase in Chinese publication numbers, the National Natural Science Foundation of China launched a fund for the role and mechanism of the ‘Gut-Liver Axis’ in gastrointestinal diseases (H03)[42]. This research should focus on the gut microbiota and metabolites, nutrition, neurotransmitters, gastrointestinal hormones, and bile acid, particularly their interactions with the gastrointestinal tract or liver-localized immune cells/factors to mediate a variety of functional roles. Expand on the "gut-liver axis" and its role in the mechanisms of gastrointestinal disease mechanisms to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies[42].

Furthermore, the increase in publications on the microbiota and nutrition can be attributed to the fact that numerous hot topics were published during this period of time, exposing new theories and establishing new research fields such as the “interaction of the gut microbiota with dietary components”, “connection between the gut microbiota and weight gain”, and “the impact of a high-fat diet and the gut microbiota on metabolic syndrome”. The effect of diet on the gut microbiota and, consequently, on human health suggests new therapeutic and diagnostic concepts and guides to develop probiotic and prebiotic strategies and functional nutrition[43-47].

The ‘effect of a high-fat diet and the gut microbiota on metabolic syndromes’ as a theme was among the main hot topics in the current study. Most publications on nutrition and gut microbiota before 2019 used words such as “connection between the gut microbiota and weight gain" and “interaction of the gut microbiota with dietary components". This was in the early stages of this research area. The “effect of a high-fat diet and gut microbiota on metabolic syndrome” as a theme was one of the main hot topics in this work and was considered the current trend after 2019. As a result, the evidence that emerges proposes that the gut microbiota may play a role in maintaining body weight and energy balance. It is assumed to be fueled, at least in part, by changes in gut microbiota composition caused by high-fat diets (HFDs); HFDs have been correlated with changes in gut microbial profile as well as decreased diversity[48,49]. Furthermore, metabolic syndrome and its associated disorders have been linked to increasing evidence suggesting that the gut microbiota in the digestive tract plays a significant role. Numerous studies in animals and humans have shown that high-fat and high-sugar (fructose) diets are responsible for the three hallmarks of metabolic syndrome: Obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance by altering the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota[50-53]. Furthermore, there is evidence that HFD is associated with cardiovascular disease[54] because the intestinal microbiota converts dietary choline to trimethylamine, which is absorbed in the gut and converted to trimethylamine N-oxygen. This metabolite causes atherosclerosis in the liver[55].

Strengths and limitations

This is the first thorough bibliometric analysis of nutrition and gut microbiota research conducted on a global level. Research on the relationship between nutrition/diet and gut microbiota is still in its infancy and will expand in the future. The aforementioned growing hotspots serve as a foundation and guide for the development of new projects by scientific researchers, physicians, and medical educators.

Our study has several limitations. First, although Scopus is indeed the largest database available, the search for studies was carried out only from the Scopus database, which could have limited the generalizability of the findings due to the loss of certain documents published in unindexed journals. Second, the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the keywords have a significant impact on the reliability of the data retrieved in our study. As a result, some important and influential articles may be omitted from a representative list due to the use of other terms in their titles. Third, the current study only looked for terms such as “nutrition”, "gut microbiota" and other related terms in the title search only. Papers with these terms in the abstract or text may have been missed in this study. Furthermore, while most publications were published and indexed in 2021, the amount of scientific research productivity this year could be higher because new journal issues are still being published and indexed.

CONCLUSION

To our knowledge, this is the first bibliometric study of trends in publications on microbiota and nutrition. We are entering an era in which we can more easily alter our health through diet and track results using our microbiota or their metabolites. Over the last decade, there has been an increase in the number of publications on the microbiota and nutrition. The top three contributors to microbiota and nutrition research were China, the United States, and Italy. China is the leading country in this area of study, achieving some significant research findings and playing a key role in the progress of the field. “Connection between the gut microbiota and weight gain’, ‘interaction with dietary components” and “the effect of a high-fat diet and the gut microbiota on metabolic syndromes’ were hotspots for gut microbiota and nutrition research in the last 10 years. As a result, our timely examination and analysis of hotspots and research trends may aid in the growth of this discipline. Furthermore, these findings offer a fresh perspective on the study of the microbiota and nutrition/diet, which could help with future etiological research, diagnosis, and treatment of metabolic syndromes.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Dietary composition is crucial in regulating the gut microbiota and, as a result, in the prevention, management, and treatment of diseases including diabetes and cancer.

Research motivation

According to a growing body of evidence, the gut microbiota appears to considerably impact human health. Intestinal homeostasis, physiology, gut microbiome, immune system, and host metabolic pathways are all affected by changes in the gut microbiota. However, there are no bibliometric analyses of nutrition/diet and gut microbiota publications.

Research objectives

The current study gives an overview of research publications on nutrition and gut microbiota and identifies global hotspots on this topic.

Research methods

A comprehensive, validated search query was used to find relevant publications on nutrition and gut microbiota. SciVerse Scopus was the database used.

Research results

This is the first bibliometric analysis of trends in microbiota and nutrition publications. The number of publications on microbiota and nutrition has increased over the last decade. China, the United States, and Italy were the top three contributors to microbiota and nutrition research.

Research conclusions

In conclusion with our timely examination and analysis of hotspots and research trends, we believe that this discipline will grow. Furthermore, these findings shed new light on the study of the microbiota and nutrition/diet, which could aid in future etiological research, diagnosis, and treatment of metabolic syndromes.

Research perspectives

This comprehensive bibliometric study aims to provide an overview of the current state of global nutrition and gut microbiota research and stay ahead of emerging trends and critical turns in the field's evolution.