Prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy and quality of life evaluations in hospitalized cirrhotic patients in China

Abstract

AIM: To investigate the prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) and to assess corresponding health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in hospitalized cirrhotic patients in China.

METHODS: This multi-center cross-sectional study included 16 teaching hospitals, which were members of “Hepatobiliary Cooperation Group, Society of Gastroenterology, Chinese Medical Association”, from different areas of China carried out between June and October in 2011. All the eligible hospitalized cirrhotic patients (n = 538) were required to complete triplicate number connection tests combined with one digit symbol test for diagnosing MHE. Patients’ clinical examination data were complemented by a modified questionnaire assessing HRQoL. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient.

RESULTS: Male was predominant (68.6%) in 519 patients who met the criteria of the study, with a mean age of 49.17 ± 11.02 years. The most common cause of liver cirrhosis was chronic hepatitis B (55.9%). The prevalence of MHE was 39.9% and varied by Child-Pugh-Classification score (CPC-A: 24.8%, CPC-B: 39.4% and CPC-C: 56.1%, P < 0.01). MHE (P < 0.01) and higher CPC scores (P < 0.01) were associated with a high HRQoL scores (reflecting poorer quality of life). The prevalence of MHE was proportionate to CPC (P = 0.01) and high quality of life scores (P = 0.01).

CONCLUSION: Hospitalized cirrhotic patients have a high prevalence of MHE that is proportionate to the degree of liver function and HRQoL impairment.

Key Words: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy; Health-related quality of life; China; Child-Pugh Classification; Liver cirrhosis

Core tip: This study showed that 39.9% of hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis had minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), and patients with Child-Pugh Classification-C had a high prevalence of MHE (56.1%) and increased health-related quality of life scores that reflected poorer life status. Increasing awareness of its adverse impact on life should be emphasized. Recommendations to screen for MHE may be applicable for evaluating the risks of driving and work accidents in patients with cirrhosis.

INTRODUCTION

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a serious complication of liver cirrhosis that represents a continuous spectrum of neurologic and neuropsychiatric abnormalities[1,2]. Minimal HE (MHE), the mildest form of HE[1,2], is defined as patients with normal mental and neurological examinations but with a number of neuropsychiatric and neuro-physiological defects identified by psychometric tests[3]. Patients with MHE have various subtle abnormalities in the cognitive functioning that detrimentally affects their fitness to drive[4] and handle complex mechanical machines[5]. In a study by Prasad et al[6], significant impairment was observed in HE patients’ social interactions, alertness, emotional behavior, sleep, work, household management, recreation, and pastimes.

There are several methods of diagnosing MHE, including comprehensive neuropsychological examinations, standard psychometric batteries, neuro-physiological testing, and computerized testing[3]. However, there are no current guidelines for the standardized diagnosis of MHE. The Working Group on HE recommended that at least two of the following neuropsychologic tests should be used for diagnosing MHE: number connection test-A (NCT-A), NCT-B, block-design test (BDT), and the digit-symbol test (DST)[7]. The current definition of MHE is based on psychometric test results that are two SD more than normal on at least two psychometric tests. As there is no gold standard for diagnosis of MHE, the prevalence of MHE in patients with cirrhosis ranges from 30% to 80%[8-11]. Recently, the estimated prevalence of MHE varied from 29.2% to 57.1% in China[12-14]. Some studies only employed one neuropsychologic tests (NCT) for MHE diagnosis. Therefore, the exact prevalence of MHE is unknown in China.

MHE is associated with potential progression to HE, diminished quality of life, driving impairment that increases the risk of traffic accidents, and negative health-related quality of life (HRQoL)[15-17]. Quality of life (QoL) is a multidimensional index that comprehensively addresses all aspects of human well-being, including physical and cognitive capabilities, functional behavior, emotional status, and psychosocial adjustment. As compared with generic measures of impairment, disease-specific measures are more likely to be sensitive to small, yet clinically meaningful, differences in HRQoL. Our group[18] developed and verified a reliable and valid HRQoL instrument that measures the functional and health status of patients with MHE. That study also demonstrated that HRQoL in patients with MHE deteriorates as the disease becomes more severe, although the study had a small sample size and a limited regional scope.

This study investigated the prevalence of MHE in hospitalized cirrhotic patients from different areas of China, and HRQoL evaluations among them.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study population

A multi-center cross-sectional study was initiated by the Hepatobiliary Cooperation Group of Society of Gastroenterology, the Chinese Medical Association. The study was conducted in 16 teaching hospitals representing different areas of China (4 in the East, 3 in the West, 1 in the South, 4 in the North and 4 in the central region). All consecutive cirrhotic hospitalized patients aged between 18 and 70 years and without overt HE (OHE) were screened for MHE between June and October 2011. Cirrhosis was diagnosed based on available clinical data, including laboratory tests, endoscopy, diagnostic imaging, or liver histology. Exclusion criteria included the presence or a history of OHE, a history of taking lactulose or any antibiotics, alcohol intake, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis during the previous 6 wk, significant concurrent diseases such as heart, respiratory, or renal failure, and neurologic abnormalities such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, non-hepatic metabolic encephalopathy, electrolyte disorders, inability to perform psychometric tests or complete the questionnaire (caused by either insufficient knowledge of the Chinese language or poor vision). All patients provided written informed consent. Study protocols were approved by the ethics committees of the participating hospitals in accordance with the Principles of Declaration of Helsinki.

Physical examination, laboratory testing, and medical history documentation

Qualified physicians documented routine physical examinations and laboratory assessments that included biochemical tests (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, albumin, creatinine, prothrombin time, serum potassium, serum sodium, and serum chloride), virological tests [hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), anti-HBe, anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels, and HCV RNA levels], and diagnostic imaging [ultrasonography, computer tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging], etiology of cirrhosis, a history of medication use and other medical histories. The Child-Pugh-Classification (CPC) scoring system was used to assess the severity of liver disease.

Psychometric testing

All patients underwent a series of psychometric tests, including triplicate NCT-A and one DST. The NCT-A measures cognitive motor abilities by having patients connect numbers, from 1 to 25 on printed paper, as quickly as possible. DST: Subjects are asked to insert symbols in the blank squares below the numbers using the key provided. The exercise is timed and the number correctly completed in 90 seconds recorded. Bao et al[19] established age-based normal parameters of psychometric measures for NCT-A and DST in China in 2006. Normative values for NCT-A and DST were based on those from healthy volunteers with the same geographical background as liver cirrhosis patients.

According to the normative parameters for NCT-A and DST established by Bao et al, diagnostic criteria for MHE were as follows: time greater than two SD from the mean for the NCT, and score less than two SD from the mean for the DST. For the NCT-A, diagnostic criteria were: > 34.3 s in patients aged < 35 years; > 45.7 s in patients aged 35-44 years; > 52.8 s in patients aged 45-54 years and > 61.9 s in patients aged > 55 years. Diagnostic criteria for the DST were: < 40.5 in patients < 35 years; < 35 in patients aged 35-44 years; < 28.5 in patients aged 45-54 years and < 26 in patients aged > 55 years. Patients with abnormal results from both psychometric tests were diagnosed as having MHE.

Assessment of HRQoL

A modified Chinese QoL questionnaire with 30 questions verified in Chinese populations in 2009 was used to assess all patients’ HRQoL index[18] The domains included physical functioning (8 questions), psychological well-being (7 questions), symptoms/side effects (7 questions), social functioning (4 questions), and self-evaluation about general health (4 questions). Impact scores for each question ranged from 1 to 5. These scores increase as the QoL declines. The total QoL scores were obtained from the sum of each question’s score.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± SD or median (range), where appropriate. Categorical variables were described as the number and proportion of each category. In order to determine relevant risk factors for MHE occurrence, characteristics such as age, gender, pre-existing ascites, variceal bleeding, occupation, driving, alcohol drinking, hepatitis B antigen status, and antiviral therapy for HBV-related cirrhosis were included in the univariate analysis. The χ² or Fisher’s exact test was used for categorical variables, and the Mann-Whitney U test or analysis of variance (ANOVA), was performed as appropriate to determine associations for continuous data. All tested variables with P values < 0.5 were entered into logistic regression. All statistical testing was two-tailed at the 5% level. Software used for analysis was Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, version 14.0, SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, United States) and Science Analysis Software (SAS, version 9.13; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, United States).

RESULTS

Study patients

Of the patients screened (n = 538), 519 patients met the study’s criteria for inclusion. Excluded patients included those who were older than 70 years (n = 7) and who did not complete all psychometric tests (n = 12). Liver cirrhosis was diagnosed based on diagnostic imaging (ultrasonography, CT and/or magnetic resonance imaging), histopathology, endoscopy, or clinical and laboratory data. Most patients (n = 356, 68.6%) were male with a mean age of 49.17 ± 11.02 years, and 100 (20.3%) of them had college degrees or higher levels of education. Included patients were diagnosed with liver cirrhosis for 2.54 ± 3.16 years. The most common causes of liver cirrhosis were chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (55.7%), followed by CHB accompanied by alcoholic liver disease (ALD) (11.8%), ALD (8.9%), chronic hepatitis C (CHC) (7.3%), and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) (7.5%). According to the CPC scoring system, 161 (31.0%) patients were classified as CPC-A, 203 (39.1%) were as CPC-B, and 155 (29.9%) as CPC-C. Of 320 cirrhotic patients with CHB, 41.6% (n = 133) were HBeAg positive, 85.0% (n = 272) were HBV DNA positive, and 202 (60.3%) had received antiviral treatment.

Prevalence and characteristics of MHE

Cirrhotic patients with concurrent positive NCT and DST results (n = 207, 39.9%) were diagnosed with MHE. The prevalence of MHE differed among CPC-A (24.8%), CPC-B (39.4%) and CPC-C (56.1%) patients (CPC-A vs CPC-B, P < 0.05; CPC-A vs CPC-C, P < 0.01; CPC-B vs CPC-C, P < 0.01) (Figure 1). Older patients and patients with lower levels of education, a history of prior ascites had a higher prevalence of MHE (Table 1). Compared to patients without MHE, those with MHE had lower levels of serum albumin (P = 0.01), sodium (P = 0.01), potassium (P = 0.04), and platelet count (P = 0.03); higher levels of serum bilirubin (P < 0.01) and blood ammonia (P = 0.02); and longer prothrombin times (P = 0.01). Many (24.3%) MHE patients were still driving at the time of diagnosis.

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population with and without minimal hepatic encephalopathy n (%).

Characteristics	MHE	Non-MHE	P value
Gender
Male	140 (67.6)	216 (69.2)	0.77
Female	67 (32.4)	96 (30.8)
Mean age (yr), mean ± SD	51.56 ± 9.70	47.58 ± 11.55	< 0.01
Level of education
Grade six or less	93 (44.9)	34 (10.9)	< 0.01
Junior high school	64 (39.9)	76 (24.4)
Senior high school/vocational school	32 (15.5)	94 (30.1)
College degree or more	12 (5.8)	88 (28.2)
Unknown	6 (2.9)	20 (6.4)
Driving
Yes	50 (24.2)	89 (28.5)	0.22
No	144 (69.6)	193 (61.9)
Unknown	13 (6.3)	30 (9.6)
Primary etiology for chronic liver disease
Hepatitis B virus	117 (56.5)	172 (55.5)	0.18
Hepatitis B virus and alcohol	21 (10.1)	40 (12.9)
Alcohol	30 (14.5)	19 (6.1)
Hepatitis C virus	11 (5.3)	27 (8.7)
Hepatitis B and C virus	2 (1.0)	1 (0.3)
Autoimmune hepatitis	12 (5.8)	27 (8.7)
Other	14 (6.8)	24 (7.7)
History of prior variceal bleeding
Yes	43 (20.7)	82 (26.3)	0.21
No	158 (76.3)	226 (72.4)
Unknown	6 (2.9)	4 (1.3)
History of prior ascites
Yes	131 (63.3)	139 (44.6)	0.00
No	66 (31.9)	168 (53.8)
Unknown	10 (4.8)	5 (1.6)
Duration of liver cirrhosis (yr), mean ± SD	2.28 ± 3.06	2.73 ± 3.21	0.25

MHE: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy.

Figure 1 Prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy for various Child-Pugh classes. P < 0.01 between minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) and non-MHE. CPC: Child-Pugh classes.

There were no statistical differences in HBeAg status (P = 0.30) or HBV-DNA levels (P = 0.19), duration of HBV infection (P = 1.00), antiviral therapy (P = 0.17), or duration of antiviral treatment (P = 0.54) between patients with and without MHE.

Evaluation of HRQoL

Compared to cirrhotic patients without MHE, patients diagnosed with MHE had higher scores (more dysfunctions) for physical functioning (20.09 ± 6.26 vs 18.10 ± 6.02, P < 0.01), symptom/side effects (14.98 ± 5.88 vs 13.35 ± 5.61, P < 0.01), and psychological well-being (15.93 ± 6.62 vs 14.80 ± 5.44, P = 0.04) (Table 2). Pooled HRQoL scales were higher in MHE patients than in non-MHE ones (69.12 ± 20.40 vs 63.89 ± 18.85, P < 0.01). Patients with CPC-C had higher HRQoL scores (71.61 ± 21.01) than those with CPC-A ( 61.13 ± 17.24) and CPC-B (65.50 ± 19.31), P < 0.01, which reflect poorer QoL (Table 3).

Table 2 Health-related quality of life scales for patients with and without minimal hepatic encephalopathy.

	MHE	Non-MHE	P value
Physical functioning (8 questions)	20.09 ± 6.26	18.10 ± 6.0	< 0.01
Psychological well-being (7 questions)	15.93 ± 6.62	14.80 ± 5.44	0.04
Symptom/side effects (7 questions)	14.98 ± 5.88	13.35 ± 5.61	< 0.01
Social functioning (4 questions)	9.67 ± 2.73	9.66 ± 2.65	0.95
Self-evaluation regarding general-health (4 questions)	9.74 ± 2.73	9.43 ± 2.57	0.21
Total pooled score (30 questions)	69.12 ± 20.40	63.89 ± 18.85	< 0.01

MHE: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy.

Table 3 Health-related quality of life scales for various Child-Pugh classes.

	CPC-A	CPC-B	CPC-C	P value
Physical functioning	16.77 ± 5.07	18.94 ± 6.35	20.82 ± 6.33	< 0.01
Psychological well-being	14.43 ± 5.46	15.03 ± 5.93	16.39 ± 6.38	0.02
Symptom/side effects	12.12 ± 5.33	13.56 ± 5.21	16.45 ± 6.05	< 0.01
Social functioning	9.03 ± 2.53	9.60 ± 2.75	10.37 ± 2.58	< 0.01
Self evaluation about general-health	9.20 ± 2.59	9.46 ± 2.74	10.02 ± 2.52	0.02
Total pooled score	61.13 ± 17.24	65.50 ± 19.31	71.61 ± 21.01	< 0.01

CPC: Child-Pugh-Classification.

Comparison of one single psychometric test and combined psychometric tests

We employed combined NCT and DST tests as “gold standard” in this study. Consistency of diagnosis between one single psychometric test (NCT or DST) and combined psychometric tests was assessed by Kappa statistics (Table 4). Agreement between DST and combined NCT and DST was good, with a Kappa coefficient around 0.98 (95%CI: 0.97-0.99) for diagnosing MHE. Agreement between NCT and combined tests was fair (Kappa value 0.24, 95%CI: 0.19-0.29).

Table 4 Consistency of diagnosis between one single psychometric test and combined psychometric tests.

	NCT and DST		Kappa value (95%CI)	P value
	MHE	Non-MHE
NCT
MHE	207	223	0.24 (0.19-0.29)	< 0.01
Non- MHE	0	89
DST
MHE	207	4	0.98 (0.97-0.99)	0.05
Non- MHE	0	308

NCT: Number connection test; DST: Digit-symbol test; MHE: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy.

DISCUSSION

This study was the first nationwide investigation of the prevalence of MHE among hospitalized cirrhotic patients in China. The study locations are dispersed in different parts of China, including east, west, north, south and central regions, covering 16 hospitals located in 10 provinces and 3 municipalities under direct administration of the central government. Because each teaching hospital in the capital city of a province provides service to patients from the entire province, the study population could well represent cirrhotic patients throughout China.

China has the greatest burden of chronic liver disease in the world due to an epidemic of viral B hepatitis. Although the exact nationwide prevalence of liver cirrhosis in China is unknown, a reasonable estimate suggests that up to 1% of the entire population could have histological evidence of cirrhosis[20,21]. The prevalence of MHE in Chinese cirrhotic patients was reported to be 51.3% by Zeng et al[22]. However, their study only included local patients and lacked assessment of cognitive impairments and decreased quality of life. Other studies also reported varying and higher than 50% MHE prevalences among cirrhotic patients[10,23-25]. Our study showed that the nationwide prevalence of MHE in hospitalized cirrhotic patients was 39.9%. These discrepancies were due to the different criteria used to diagnose MHE and inter-population variations. The absence of a gold standard for determining MHE is a major challenge for attaining consistency among studies.

Impairments in visuospatial function, attention, response time, and inhibition are specific to MHE in the absence of other neurocognitive disorders; the psychometric HE score (PHES) was specifically designed to detect these impairments. The PHES comprises 5 different tests: the NCT-A, NCT-B, DST, the line-tracing test, and the serial dotting test. NCT-A and NCT-B evaluate concentration, mental tracking, and visuomotor speed. The DST evaluates psychomotor and visuomotor speed with attention on speed and accuracy. According to the consensus of the Working Group on HE[26], if the entire PHES cannot be completed, at least two of the following tests are recommended for the diagnosis of MHE: NCT-A, NCT-B, block design test, and DST.

In this study, we combined two age-based psychometric tests (NCT-A and DST)[19] as “gold standard” to diagnose MHE. Consistency of MHE diagnosis between one single psychometric test (NCT or DST) and combined psychometric tests was assessed by Kappa statistics. Agreement between DST and combined NCT and DST was good, with a Kappa coefficient around 0.98 for diagnosing MHE. This good agreement indicates that DST is equally good as combined NCT and DST[27-29]. However, single NCT, which showed a higher prevalence of MHE, did not have good agreement with combined test. Therefore, in clinical practice, DST can be used as the first test for screening MEH so as to avoid a high rate of false positive diagnosis.

One of the limitations of neuropsychological test is that the results can be influenced by age, educational level, and learning effects. We used three parallel versions of NCT-A to avoid the effects of education. Yet the limitations of our study were that (1) the normality of the NCT-A and DST scores used was not adjusted by educational level; and (2) half of the patients in our study had lower educational levels, which might have influenced the neuropsychological test results.

Furthermore, the prevalence of MHE reported in other studies was higher in cirrhotic patients with CPC-B, CPC-C, advanced age, alcoholism, a previous episode of overt HE, and portosystemic shunts[30]. None of the patients in our study had previous episodes of OHE or histories of portosystemic shunt surgery. Groeneweg et al[31] found that cirrhotic patients with normal liver function (CPC-A) had a low prevalence (15%) of MHE, while MHE was present in half of the patients with advanced cirrhosis (CPC-B/C). Our study confirmed that the prevalence of MHE in CPC-C patients was the highest (56.5%). The results demonstrated that cirrhotic patients with MHE had impaired liver function, including reduced hepatic biosynthetic, excretory and/or detoxification capacity, hyponatremia, lower platelet count, and high blood ammonia.

Patients with MHE had impaired perception, memory, learning, expression (language, constructive abilities, and voluntary motor control), mental activity (attention and mental speed), and executive function[30,32]. There are many aspects of English-published HRQoL instruments which cannot be adapted well to the Chinese due to the differences in cultures and language. In order to define and assess HRQoL appropriately in the Chinese patients, our group developed a modified Chinese questionnaire of HRQoL that was verified in a Chinese population in 2009[18]. The questionnaire was administered to a cohort of patients with varying types and stages of cirrhosis for assessment of its reliability and discriminant validity. As liver disease becomes more severe, the questionnaire documents deterioration in patients HRQoL[18]. Our study confirmed that severity of liver function impairment, based on CPC scoring system, was associated with HRQoL. Patients with CPC-C had higher HRQoL scores and compromised life status compared to patients with CPC-A/B. Patients with MHE had high health-related QoL scores that reflect poorer QoL.

Patients with MHE have higher physical functioning and symptom/side effects scores than patients without MHE. These two domains of the questionnaire also have a higher test-retest reliability (0.94 and 0.96) than other domains[18]. Our study results retested the discriminant validity of the questionnaire for distinguishing among groups with varying CPC classes. However, the validity of this instrument for evaluating the efficacy of MHE treatment needs to be established.

Physicians formerly agreed that it was unnecessary to screen for and treat MHE in cirrhotic patients without a history of OHE[33]. However, given increased knowledge of the impact of MHE, great emphasis on OHE has recently been shifted towards covert HE[34]. Because of psychomotor defects, patients meeting the criteria for MHE have been shown to have reduced driving skills, who are more likely to suffer from falls and develop episodic HE more frequently[4,35,36]. Our study found that 24.2% of MHE patients were driving at the time of diagnosis. Due to the potential risks, there is a need to assess the presence of MHE in cirrhotic patients who drive. Similarly, recommendations for MHE screening of cirrhotic patients may be valuable in reducing the risk of work-related accidents, especially while handling machinery[30,37].

Compared to OHE, there are fewer randomized clinical trials about the treatment of MHE and these trials have smaller case numbers. Some studies show that treatments using lactulose and/or rifaximin can improve the cognitive abilities, QoL[6,38], and driving ability[39] of patients with MHE. Yet the effects of these drugs on MHE patients’ ability to work or risk of falling remain unproven. The duration of treatment and choice of medication also remain unclear[40]. Therefore, high quality studies are needed to assess whether patients suffering from liver cirrhosis and MHE require a specific treatment.

In conclusion, our study showed that 39.9% of hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis had MHE, and this was associated with severe liver function and QoL impairment. Cirrhotic patients with CPC-C had a high prevalence of MHE and increased HRQoL scores that reflected poorer life status. The modified Chinese HRQoL questionnaire performed well in this study. The HRQoL scale results indicated that the questionnaire was suitable for evaluating cirrhotic patients in clinical practice in China. Recommendations to screen for MHE using NCT-A combining DST tests may be applicable for evaluating the risks of driving and work accidents in patients with cirrhosis. In clinical practice, DST can be considered as the first screening test of MHE due to the good agreement between DST and combined psychometric tests.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Dr. Bai-Song Wang from Department of Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, for assistance with statistical analyses.

COMMENTS

Background

China has the greatest burden of chronic liver disease in the world due to an epidemic of viral B hepatitis. Yet the exact nationwide prevalence of liver cirrhosis in China is unknown. Furthermore, minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is associated with potential progression to Hepatic encephalopathy (HE), diminished quality of life (QoL), driving impairment that increases the risk of traffic accidents, and negative health-related QoL (HRQoL).

Research frontiers

This is a first multicenter nationwide study to investigate the burden of MHE in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis in China. No such data was reported before.

Innovations and breakthroughs

This study was the first nationwide investigation of the prevalence of MHE among hospitalized cirrhotic patients in China. The study locations are dispersed in different parts of China, including east, west, north, south and central regions, covering 16 hospitals located in 10 provinces and 3 municipalities under direct administration of the central government. Because each teaching hospital in the capital city of a province provides service to patients from the entire province, the study population could well represent cirrhotic patients throughout China.

Applications

The results showed that 39.9% of hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis had MHE, and patients with Child-Pugh-Classification score-C had a high prevalence of MHE (56.1%) and increased health-related QoL scores that reflected poorer life status. Increasing awareness of its adverse impact on life quality should be emphasized. Recommendations to screen for MHE may be applicable for evaluating the risks of driving and work accidents in patients with cirrhosis.

Terminology

HE is a serious complication of liver cirrhosis that represents a continuous spectrum of neurologic and neuropsychiatric abnormalities. MHE, the mildest form of HE, is defined as patients with normal mental and neurological examinations but with a number of neuropsychiatric and neuro-physiological defects identified by psychometric tests.

Peer review

In this paper, the authors investigated the prevalence of MHE, and assessed corresponding HEQoL in hospitalized cirrhotic patients in China. This is an interesting study regarding the prevalence and clinical features of MHE in China. The article showed a progress in the study of HE in cirrhotic patients. It is an innovative job of HE study and data is reliable.