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World J Gastroenterol. Aug 28, 2005; 11(32): 5032-5036
Published online Aug 28, 2005. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i32.5032
Expression and correlation of CD44v6, vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in Krukenberg tumor
Ge Lou, Ying Gao, Xiao-Ming Ning, Qi-Fan Zhang, Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang Province, China
Author contributions: All authors contributed equally to the work.
Supported by Foundation for Scholars Abroad of Ministry of Education of China, No. [2003]406, and Foundation of Heilongjiang Office of Education, No. 9551138
Correspondence to: Ge Lou, Department of Gynecology, Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang Province, China. dr-lg911@163.com
Telephone: +86-451-86677580-2133
Received: October 9, 2004
Revised: December 4, 2004
Accepted: December 9, 2004
Published online: August 28, 2005

Abstract

AIM: To explore the expression and correlation of CD44v6, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in Krukenberg and primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

METHODS: The expressions of CD44v6, VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were detected by immunohistochemical method in 20 cases of normal ovarian tissues, 38 cases of Krukenberg tumor and 45 cases of primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

RESULTS: The expression of CD44v6 (primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma tissue vs normal ovarian tissue: χ2 = 4.516, P = 0.034; Krukenberg tumor tissue vs normal ovarian tissue: χ2 = 19.537, P = 0.001) and VEGF (primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma tissue vs normal ovarian tissue: P = 0.026; Krukenberg tumor tissue vs normal ovarian tissue: χ2 = 22.895, P = 0.001) was significantly higher in primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma tissue and Krukenberg tumor tissue than in normal ovarian tissue. The positive expression rate of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was 0% in the normal ovarian tissue. The positive expression rate of CD44v6 (χ2 = 10.398, P = 0.001), VEGF (χ2 = 13.149, P = 0.001), MMP-2 (χ2 = 33.668, P = 0.001) and MMP-9 (χ2 = 38.839, P = 0.001) was remarkably higher in Krukenberg tumor than in primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma. The correlation of CD44v6, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9 was observed in primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma and Krukenberg tumor.

CONCLUSION: CD44v6, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9 are involved in ovarian carcinoma, gastric cancer and Krukenberg tumor. Detection of CD44v6, VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9 may contribute to the diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma, gastric cancer, and Krukenberg tumor.

Key Words: CD44v6, VEGF, MMPs, Krukenberg tumor

INTRODUCTION

Gastric cancer is one of the common malignancies in gastrointestinal tract[1-3]. Its metastasis rate is 64.2% in China[4]. Krukenberg tumor is an ovary metastatic cancer from gastrointestinal cancer. Krukenberg tumor is highly malignant with a poor prognosis and its mechanism is not clear.

Invasion and metastasis are the leading biological characteristics of malignant tumor, and have a close relation with factors such as movement of tumor cells, apoptosis and metastasis-associated genes. VEGF is an important angiogenic factor, which may induce angiogenesis in tumor, and has a higher expression in tumor tissues, which is closely related with invasion and metastasis of tumor[5-7]. CD44v6 is one of the numerous adhesive molecules and a transmembrane glycoprotein located on cell surface. It induces homing of lymphocytes and participates in adhesion between cells, influencing invasion and metastasis of tumor[8-10]. MMP is one of the proteolytic enzymes and plays an important role in occurrence and development of tumor[11-13].

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients and specimens

Patients were selected from Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University from 1992 to 2001. All patients were informed of the purpose of the study and gave their informed consent. Forty-five cases of primary epithelia ovarian carcinoma (15 cases of serious adenocarcinoma, 16 cases of mucous adenocarcinoma, and 14 cases of others pathologic types) and 35 cases of Krukenberg tumor were included in the study. All ovarian cancers had metastasis to other organs and all Krukenberg tumors came from gastric cancer. The age of the patients was 20-75 years, averaged 41 years. All cases were diagnosed by histology or cytology, and received no chemotherapy and radiotherapy before operation. Specimens were embedded in paraffin.

Reagents and method

Monoclonal antibody was purchased from Bossed Company of Wuhan. Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of CD44v6, VEGF, and MMPs. Staining was performed following the manufacturer’s instructions. The first antigen of negative control was replaced by PBS.

Determination criteria

The cells with unambiguous brown and yellow particles present in cytoplasm of tumor cells under optical microscope were defined as positive cells. Positive intensity was divided into three grades: weak positive (counting score was 1), strong positive (counting score was 3) and moderately positive (counting score was 2). At the same time, the number of positive cells was calculated. Zero to four grades represented the number of positive cells less than 5%, 5-25%, 26-50%, 51-75% and more than 75%, respectively. The last counting scores were intensity scores. If the product had one or more scores, it was positive. Otherwise, it was negative.

Statistical analysis

Analysis of variance was used to analyze the difference between groups. Data were analyzed by χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test. Correlation among variables was tested by Pearson of bivariate.

RESULTS
Expression of CD44v6, VEGF, MMp-2, and MMp-9 in ovarian carcinoma, Krukenberg tumor, and gastric carcinoma

Positively staining particles of Cd44v6 were mainly distributed in plasmalemma of tumor, some of which were expressed in cytoplasm (Figure 1A). Significant difference in positive expression was observed between normal ovarian tissue and primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma, Krukenberg tumor, and gastric carcinoma (P<0.05). The positive expression of CD44v6 had no significant difference in ovarian carcinoma, ovarian mucous carcinoma and other carcinomas. No significant difference was found in moderately- and poorly-differentiated Krukenberg tumor.

Figure 1
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Figure 1 Expression of VEGF (A), CD44v6 (B), MMP-2 (C) and MMP-9 (D) in Krukenberg tumor by immunohistochemical method.

Positive-staining particles of VEGF were mainly distributed in cytoplasm (Figure 1B). The positive expression rate was higher in primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma, Krukenberg tumor, and gastric carcinoma than in normal ovarian tissue (P<0.05). The positive expression rates of VEGF were 31.1% and 71.1% respectively for primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma and Krukenberg tumor (P<0.05). No significant difference was found in ovarian carcinoma. No significant difference in positive expression rate was observed in moderately-and poorly-differentiated Krukenberg tumor.

Positive-staining particles of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were distributed in cytoplasm (Figures 1C and D). Positive expression rate of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was 0% in normal ovarian carcinoma (0/20). The positive expression rate of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was significantly higher in Krukenberg tumor, than in primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma (P<0.05 for all of them). There was no relation between positive expression rate of MMPs and pathological types of primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma and between positive expression rate of MMPs and differentiation degree of Krukenberg tumor.

There was no significant difference in positive expression rate of VEGF, CD44v6, and MMP-2 between gastric carcinoma and Krukenberg tumor. The positive expression rate of MMP-9 was remarkably higher in Krukenberg tumor than in gastric carcinoma (P<0.05). Obvious difference of positive expression rate of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was found in different differentiation degrees of gastric carcinoma. The positive expression rate was significantly higher in poorly-differentiated gastric carcinoma than in well- and moderately-differentiated gastric carcinoma (P<0.05, Table 1).

Table 1 Expression of CD44v6, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in epithelial ovarian carcinoma, Krukenberg tumor, and gastric carcinoma.
CD44v6
VEGF
MMP-2
MMP-9
nn%n%n%n%
Normal ovarian tissue20210.015.0––
Epithelial ovarian cancer451635.61431.1817.8613.3
Serous adenocarcinoma15640.0746.7426.7320.0
Mucous adenocarcinoma16425.0318.8212.5212.5
Other types14642.9428.6214.317.1
Krukenberg tumor382771.12771.13181.63181.6
Moderate differentiation14964.31071.41285.61071.4
Poor differentiation241875.01770.81979.22187.5
Gastric carcinoma383078.92773.72565.82360.5
High and moderate differentiation161275.0956.3731.8637.5
Poor differentiation221881.81672.71881.81777.3
Relation among expressions of CD44v6, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9

Positive expression was graded by rank correlation method. The results indicated that there was a remarkable relation between positive expressions of VEGF and CD44v6, CD44v6 and MMP-2 and MMP-9, MMP-2, and MMP-9 (Table 2).

Table 2 Relation between expressions of CD44v6, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in Krukenberg tumor.
CD44v6
MMP-2
MMP-9
rPrPrP
VEGF0.3420.0230.4980.0000.4980.000
CD44v60.4190.0050.2130.212
MMP-20.4880.001

In primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma, there was a significant relation between expressions of CD44v6, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9 (Table 3). VEGF vs MMP-9, and CD44v6 vs MMP-9.

Table 3 Relation between expressions of CD44v6, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
CD44v6
MMP-2
MMP-9
rPrPrP
VEGF0.6050.0040.6080.0030.7110
CD44v60.6840.0010.8040
MMP-20.4570.037

The relation between variables was significant in gastric carcinoma (Table 4).

Table 4 Relation between expressions of CD44v6, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in primary gastric carcinoma.
CD44v6
MMP-2
MMP-9
rPrPrP
VEGF0.3660.0460.250.3780.3850.035
CD44v60.460.0110.2000.475
MMP-20.4390.015
DISCUSSION

CD44v6 is highly expressed in serum and tissues of ovarian carcinoma and correlates with development of ovarian carcinoma[14,15]. In the present study, the expression of CD44v6 was significantly higher in primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma and Krukenberg tumor than in normal ovarian tissue (P<0.05), suggesting that expression of CD44v6 is related with malignant behaviors of ovarian carcinoma. The high expression of CD44v6 correlates with formation, development and transfer of ovarian carcinoma.

CD44 plays an important role in regulation of progress and metastasis of primary gastric carcinoma. Our study found that there was a significant difference in positive expression rate of CD44 between primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma and Krukenberg tumor (P<0.05). The positive expression rate of CD44v6 was higher in primary gastric carcinoma (78.9%), indicating that higher expression of CD44v6 has a close correlation with metastasis of gastric carcinoma. It was reported that the positive expression rate of CD44v6 is 64-77% in gastric carcinoma tissue[16-18]. Studies indicate that superfluous expression of CD44v6 correlates closely with occurrence, development, infiltration and metastasis of cancers.

VEGF is one of the agents accelerating the formation of blood vessels[19-21], and has multiple functions after it binds to specific receptors of endothelial cell surface, indicating that the development, infiltration and metastasis of cancer is related with higher expression of CD44v6 in cancer[5-7,22].

VEGF is highly expressed in serum and tissues of ovarian carcinoma[23-28]. In the present study, the expression of VEGF was significantly higher in primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma and Krukenberg tumor than in normal ovarian tissue (P<0.05), indicating that the occurrence, development and metastasis of ovarian carcinoma is closely related with high expression of VEGF.

It has been identified that tumor metastasis is accelerated by VEGF, which is highly expressed in gastric carcinoma. VEGF may be used as an index for poor prognosis of gastric carcinoma[29-34]. The positive expression is significantly different between primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma and Krukenberg tumor (P<0.05). There is no significant difference between mucous and mixed epithelial tumor and differentiation of Krukenberg tumor (P>0.05). The expression of VEGF is higher in primary gastric cancer, suggesting that cancer metastasis may be accelerated by VEGF. It was reported that the expression of VEGF is higher in carcinoma of colon with metastasis, than in carcinoma of colon without metastasis[35-38], suggesting that metastasis of colonic carcinoma is closely related with positive expression of VEGF.

MMPs play an important role among enzymes breaking the extracellular matrix. MMP-2 and MMP-9 are closely related with metastasis of tumor[39-41]. Collagenase has enzymolysis not only for matrix component of cells, but also for main component of membrana basalis. The expression of collagenase increases obviously in tumor tissues, metastasis and serum[42-44].

In this study, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were not expressed in ovarian normal tissue. The expression was low in primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma, the reasons might be that the samples were stored for a long time and the staining was not ideal. Expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was higher in malignant tumor tissues than in normal tissues. There was a significant difference in expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 between Krukenberg tumor and normal tissue, and primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma and normal tissue (P<0.05). The expression rate was higher in primary gastric cancer. The results indicate that invasion and metastasis of tumor are accelerated by MMP-2 and MMP-9, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 play an important role in the metastasis of gastric carcinoma. It was reported that invasion and metastasis of tumors are related to the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9[45,46]. High expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 may be the molecular basis of invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. Invasion and metastasis are present, if there is overexpression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in tumor tissue.

There was not a significant difference in MMP-2 expression between moderately- and poorly-differentiated Krukenberg tumor (P>0.05), indicating that expression of MMP-2 is not related with tumor differentiation.

Tumor metastasis nvolves a series of complex processes. Many gene products take part in the process and play an important role in forming metastasis. The significant correlations were obtained between variables in primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma and Krukenberg tumor, but not in CD44v6 and MMP-9 in our study, indicating that the above-mentioned factors participate in tumor invasion and metastasis.

Footnotes

Science Editor Wang XL and Guo SY Language Editor Elsevier HK

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