Artificial intelligence as a noninvasive tool for pancreatic cancer prediction and diagnosis

Figure 1 Article selection algorithm for the study. A total of 97 studies and reviews were identified with key words; 86 papers remained after removing duplicates; 34 eligible studies were finally included: 24 on the current status of artificial intelligence (AI) diagnostic methods for pancreatic cancer (PC) and 10 discussing the implications of AI algorithms in early PC and prediction. AI: Artificial intelligence; PC: Pancreatic cancer.

Figure 2 Pancreatic cancer prediction methods for diagnosing early lesions. AI: Artificial intelligence; ML: Machine learning; DL: Deep learning; DRL: Deep reinforcement learning; PC: Pancreatic cancer; CT: Computed tomography; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.

Figure 3 Artificial intelligence leading concepts for pancreatic cancer diagnosis. Input data: Imaging, endoscopic, and histopathologic data and tumor markers; artificial intelligence with machine learning and deep learning; output data: Diagnosing pancreatic cancer.