Microbiome changes in the gastric mucosa and gastric juice in different histological stages of Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric cancers

Figure 1 The microbial diversity analysis in different groups. A: Rarefaction curves of Shannon index for operational taxonomic units; B: Venn diagram; C: α-diversity indices; D: β-diversity measured by partial least squares discrimination analysis. ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001. SG: Superficial gastritis; AG: Atrophic gastritis; IM: Intestinal metaplasia; Dys: Dysplasia; GC: Gastric cancer.

Figure 2 The mucosa microbiota composition in different groups. A: Relative abundance of phyla in five groups; B: Community analysis sunburst plot on family level; C: Changes in the gastric mucosa microbiota from superficial gastritis, through atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia to gastric cancer; D: Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis from phylum to genus; E: Histogram of LEfSe analysis at the genus level. Significance was obtained by LEfSe (Kruskal–Wallis test) at P < 0.05, and linear discriminant analysis score>3.5. ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001. LDA: Linear discriminant analysis; LEfSe: LDA effect size; SG: Superficial gastritis; AG: Atrophic gastritis; IM: Intestinal metaplasia; Dys: Dysplasia; GC: Gastric cancer.

Figure 3 Correlation analysis between core microbes. SG: Superficial gastritis; AG: Atrophic gastritis; IM: Intestinal metaplasia; Dys: Dysplasia; GC: Gastric cancer.

Figure 4 The microbial diversity analysis and microbiota composition of gastric juice in different groups. A: α-diversity indices; B: β-diversity measured by partial least squares discrimination analysis; C: Ternary analysis at the family level; D: Taxonomic analysis at the genus level. ^aP < 0.05. SG: Superficial gastritis; IM: Intestinal metaplasia; Dys: Dysplasia.

Figure 5 The microbial diversity and microbiota composition in different groups. A: α-diversity indices; B: β-diversity measured by partial least squares discrimination analysis; C: Relative abundance of phyla in two groups. ^cP < 0.001; SG: Superficial gastritis; AG: Atrophic gastritis; IM: Intestinal metaplasia; Dys: Dysplasia; GC: Gastric cancer.

Figure 6 Linear discriminant analysis scores for differentially abundant taxonomic features among six groups. Significance was obtained by linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) (Kruskal-Wallis test) at P < 0.05, and linear discriminant analysis score > 3.5. A: LEfSe analysis from phylum to genus; B: Histogram of LEfSe analysis at the genus level. LDA: Linear discriminant analysis; LEfSe: LDA effect size; SG: Superficial gastritis; AG: Atrophic gastritis; IM: Intestinal metaplasia; Dys: Dysplasia; GC: Gastric cancer.