Characteristics of inflammatory bowel diseases in patients with concurrent immune-mediated inflammatory diseases

Figure 1 The potential common immunological mechanisms shared between inflammatory bowel diseases and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL: Interleukin; Th17 cells: IL-17 producing T helper cells; Th1 cells: T helper 1 cells; Th2 cells: T helper 2 cells; CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis.

Figure 2 Colonoscopy showing representative endoscopic findings of a patient with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. Right-sided predominant colitis and rectal sparing. A: Terminal ileum with normal mucosa; B: Ascending colon, diffuse inflammation with erosions, loss of vascular pattern and friability; C: Sigmoid colon, with mild erythematous inflammation and decreased vascular pattern; D: Rectum, with normal mucosa.

Figure 3 Colonoscopy showing representative endoscopic findings of a patient with Takayasu arteritis and inflammatory bowel disease. A: Terminal ileum with normal mucosa; B and C: Sigmoid and rectosigmoid colon, respectively, with discontinuous round ulcers; D: Lower rectum, with deep and large longitudinal ulcers.