Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 7, 2022; 28(25): 2823-2842
Published online Jul 7, 2022. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i25.2823
Figure 1
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Figure 1 Long noncoding RNAs involved in the lifecycle of the hepatitis B virus. Highly upregulated in liver cancer, HAT1, PCNAP1, and DLEU2 could enhance hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication[9,11,13]. LncRNA AP00253[18] and HOX transcript antisense RNA[10] promote, while HOXA transcript at the distal tip[19] inhibits, HBV transcription. HBV X protein-long interspersed nuclear elements 1 promotes HBV replication by suppressing miR-122, a miRNA directly targeting the HBV pgRNA sequence[16]. HULC: Highly upregulated in liver cancer; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HBx: HBV X protein; LINE: Long interspersed nuclear elements; HOTTIP: HOXA transcript at the distal tip; HOTAIR: HOX transcript antisense RNA.
Figure 2
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Figure 2 Various long noncoding RNAs are involved in the progression of liver diseases caused by the hepatitis B virus[26]. HULC: Highly upregulated in liver cancer; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HBx: HBV X protein; LINE: Long interspersed nuclear elements; HOTTIP: HOXA transcript at the distal tip; HOTAIR: HOX transcript antisense RNA; GAS5: Growth arrest specific transcript 5; MEG3: Maternally expressed gene-3; MALAT1: Metastasis associated in lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1.
Figure 3
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Figure 3 Regulatory mechanisms of various long noncoding RNAs in hepatitis B virus replication and oncogenesis[2]. A: HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR), high expression in hepatocellular carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1), HOTAIR, LINC00152, PVT1, and antisense noncoding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) could regulate gene expression through epigenetic silencing; B: HOXA transcript at the distal tip, LINC00152, and metastasis associated in lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) could increase the expression of their target genes through transcriptional control; C: MALAT1 could modulate alternative splicing; D: Unigene56159, highly upregulated in liver cancer (HULC), hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein-long interspersed nuclear elements 1, UCA1, ANRIL, LINC01149 variant, LINC01352, F11-AS1, LINC01232, n335586, XIST, SNHG5, SSTR5-AS1, and TRERNA1 regulate the gene expression through molecular sponging to sequester miRNAs; E: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) Ftx could produce miRNAs to regulate their target genes; F: LncRNA-Dreh and HULC could modulate protein stability; G: LncRNA HBVPTPAP could encode a small polypeptide to exert its function.