Near-infrared fluorescence imaging guided surgery in colorectal surgery

Figure 1 Near infrared fluorescence in conjunction with indocyanine green allowing visualization of the microcirculation before development of the colorectal anastomosis. A: A white light image before visualizing the ischemic zone of the sigmoid colon using excited fluorescence; B: An intraoperative near infrared fluorescence image after visualizing the ischemic zone of the sigmoid colon using excited fluorescence.

Figure 2 Mapping of additional lymph nodes outside the proposed resection margins to achieve curative radical lymphadenectomy in robot-assisted right hemicolectomy. A: A white light image after D3 Lymphadenectomy around superior mesenteric vessels; B: A near infrared fluorescence image after visualizing the remained lymph nodes after lymphadenectomy using excited fluorescence.

Figure 3 Robot-assisted lymph node dissection around the inferior mesenteric artery with preservation of the left colic artery using near infrared fluorescence imaging. A: Dissection around the root of the inferior mesenteric artery (white light image); B: A near infrared fluorescence image visualizing the left colic artery using excited fluorescence.