New treatment options for alcoholic hepatitis

Figure 1 Pathogenesis of alcoholic hepatitis.

Figure 2 Potential steps in the initiation of alcoholic hepatitis, which can be modulated by targeting, the gut microbiome.

Figure 3 Model depicting the roles of CCL20 in alcoholic steatohepatitis. Excessive alcohol drinking results in elevated levels of bacterial products, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), in the portal blood. LPS, via targeting TLR4, stimulates Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells to produce CCL20. This chemokine activates dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes/macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines by targeting CCR6, leading to liver inflammation[62].

Figure 4 Approach to management of alcoholic hepatitis. G-CSF: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.