Glycyrrhizinate reduces portal hypertension in isolated perfused rat livers with chronic hepatitis

Figure 1 Experimental design of glycyrrhizinate on portal hypertension. Rat model of portal hypertension was replicated with CCl₄ in olive oil (full line), age-matched rats did with olive oil (dotted line). PP: Portal pressure in vivo; IPPRL: Isolated portal perfused rat liver; EV₅₀: Median effective velocity; PE: Phenylephrine; HE: Haematoxylin-eosin stain; Masson: Masson’s trichrome stain; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; Gly: Diammonium glycyrrhizinate; EC₅₀: Median effective concentration of Gly relaxation.

Figure 2 Glycyrrhizinate reduced portal hypertension in isolated portal perfuse rat liver with chronic hepatitis. A: Normal hepatic structure at d₀ (× 100); B: Hepatic degeneration at d₂₈ (× 100); C: Hepatic fibrosis at d₅₆ (× 100); D: Hepatic cirrhosis at d₈₄ (× 100); E: Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were located at the hepatocyte (solid arrow) and scattered stellates (dashed arrow) at d₀ (× 400); F: iNOS were located at hepatocytes (solid arrow) and stellates (dashed arrow) in the lobules at d₂₈ (× 400); G: iNOS were located at stellates (dashed arrow) in the lobules and macrophages (solid arrow) outside of lobules at d₅₆ (× 400); H: iNOS were located at macrophages (solid arrow) outside of lobules and stellates (dashed arrow) at d₈₄ (× 400); I: Diammonium glycyrrhizinate (Gly) reducing portal hypertension at d₀; J: Gly reducing portal hypertension at d₂₈; K: Gly reducing portal hypertension at d₅₆; L: Gly reducing portal hypertension at d₈₄.

Figure 3 Glycyrrhizinate indirectly reduced portal hypertension. Gly: Diammonium glycyrrhizinate; TPV: Terminal portal venule; NOX: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase; OO^-: Superoxide; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; NO: Nitric oxide; ONOO^-: Peroxynitrite; Gly: Glycyrrhizinate.